Spina bifida classification: Difference between revisions
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==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
*Spina bifida may be classified according to the level of the lesion into 3 subtypes:<ref name="pmid2782071">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lannering B, Albertsson-Wikland K |title=Improved growth response to GH treatment in irradiated children |journal=Acta Paediatr Scand |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=562–7 |date=July 1989 |pmid=2782071 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7814582">{{cite journal |vauthors=Swank M, Dias LS |title=Walking ability in spina bifida patients: a model for predicting future ambulatory status based on sitting balance and motor level |journal=J Pediatr Orthop |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=715–8 |date=1994 |pmid=7814582 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
:#[[Thoracic]], high-[[lumbar]] | |||
:#*Lack of [[Quadriceps muscle|quadriceps]] function | |||
:#Low-[[lumbar]] | |||
:#*Lack [[Gluteus medius muscle|gluteus medius]] and [[Gluteus maximus muscle|maximus]] function | |||
:#*Retain [[Quadriceps muscle|quadriceps]] and [[Hamstrings|medial hamstring]] function | |||
:#[[Sacral]] | |||
:#*Lack [[Gastrocnemius muscle|gastrocnemius-]][[Soleus muscle|soleus]] function in high [[sacral]] lesions | |||
:#*Retain [[Gastrocnemius muscle|gastrocnemius]]-[[soleus]] function in low [[Sacrum|sacral]] lesions | |||
:* Spina bifida also may be classified according to the tyoe of the vertebrate defect into 2 subtypes:<ref name="pmid5327787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kenworthy ME |title=Introducing the American Orthopsychiatric Association's president for 1966-67: Norman V. Lourie |journal=Am J Orthopsychiatry |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=587–9 |date=July 1966 |pmid=5327787 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4898641">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bannur BB, Purandare GM |title=Microbial production of L-lysine |journal=Hindustan Antibiot Bull |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=191–205 |date=February 1969 |pmid=4898641 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
:*# [[Spina bifida occulta]]: In this type of spina bifida, the defect of [[vertebrate]] is covered by [[skin]] ("Occulta" means "hidden"). The [[spinal cord]] does not stick out through the skin, although the skin over the lower spine may have a patch of hair, a [[birthmark]], or a dimple above the groove between the [[buttocks]]. | |||
:*# Spina ifida aperta: In this type of spina bifida , the defect is widely open and is sub classified into 2 types: Meningocele and Myelomeningocele. | |||
:* Meningocele is a protrusion of the meninges, unaccompanied by neural tissue, through a bony defect in the [[vertebral column]]. | |||
:* Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida. It happens when both the meninges and the bottom end of the spinal cord push through the hole in the spine, forming a large fluid-filled sac that bulges out of a patients back. | |||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 19:20, 10 January 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]
Overview
There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
OR
[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].
OR
[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3]. [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
OR
Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
OR
If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features: According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
OR
The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
OR
There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
Classification
- Thoracic, high-lumbar
- Lack of quadriceps function
- Low-lumbar
- Lack gluteus medius and maximus function
- Retain quadriceps and medial hamstring function
- Sacral
- Lack gastrocnemius-soleus function in high sacral lesions
- Retain gastrocnemius-soleus function in low sacral lesions
- Spina bifida also may be classified according to the tyoe of the vertebrate defect into 2 subtypes:[3][4]
- Spina bifida occulta: In this type of spina bifida, the defect of vertebrate is covered by skin ("Occulta" means "hidden"). The spinal cord does not stick out through the skin, although the skin over the lower spine may have a patch of hair, a birthmark, or a dimple above the groove between the buttocks.
- Spina ifida aperta: In this type of spina bifida , the defect is widely open and is sub classified into 2 types: Meningocele and Myelomeningocele.
- Thoracic, high-lumbar
- Meningocele is a protrusion of the meninges, unaccompanied by neural tissue, through a bony defect in the vertebral column.
- Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida. It happens when both the meninges and the bottom end of the spinal cord push through the hole in the spine, forming a large fluid-filled sac that bulges out of a patients back.
References
- ↑ Lannering B, Albertsson-Wikland K (July 1989). "Improved growth response to GH treatment in irradiated children". Acta Paediatr Scand. 78 (4): 562–7. PMID 2782071.
- ↑ Swank M, Dias LS (1994). "Walking ability in spina bifida patients: a model for predicting future ambulatory status based on sitting balance and motor level". J Pediatr Orthop. 14 (6): 715–8. PMID 7814582.
- ↑ Kenworthy ME (July 1966). "Introducing the American Orthopsychiatric Association's president for 1966-67: Norman V. Lourie". Am J Orthopsychiatry. 36 (4): 587–9. PMID 5327787.
- ↑ Bannur BB, Purandare GM (February 1969). "Microbial production of L-lysine". Hindustan Antibiot Bull. 11 (3): 191–205. PMID 4898641.