Transitional cell carcinoma risk factors: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}};{{AE}} {{PSK}} | {{CMG}};{{AE}} {{PSK}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of transitional cell carcinoma are [[smoking]], occupational exposure to chemicals, chronic bladder irritation, [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy]], [[arsenic]], personal history of cancer in the [[urinary tract]], [[congenital]] bladder anomalies, and aristolochic acids. | Common risk factors in the development of [[Transitional cell bladder carcinoma|transitional cell carcinoma]] are [[smoking]], occupational exposure to [[chemicals]], chronic [[bladder]] irritation, [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy]], [[arsenic]], personal history of [[Cancer (disease)|cancer]] in the [[urinary tract]], [[congenital]] [[Bladder|bladder anomalies]], and [[Aristolochic acid|aristolochic acids]]. | ||
== Risk Factors == | == Risk Factors == | ||
Environmental exposures account for most cases of bladder cancer. | Environmental exposures account for most cases of [[bladder cancer]]. | ||
Common risk factors in the development of transitional cell carcinoma are:<ref name="Canada">Risk factors for bladder cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks/?region=ab Accessed on February 10, 2016 </ref><ref name="KirkaliTuzel2003">{{cite journal|last1=Kirkali|first1=Ziya|last2=Tuzel|first2=Emre|title=Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis|journal=Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology|volume=47|issue=2|year=2003|pages=155–169|issn=10408428|doi=10.1016/S1040-8428(03)00079-9}}</ref> | Common risk factors in the development of [[transitional cell carcinoma]] are:<ref name="Canada">Risk factors for bladder cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks/?region=ab Accessed on February 10, 2016 </ref><ref name="KirkaliTuzel2003">{{cite journal|last1=Kirkali|first1=Ziya|last2=Tuzel|first2=Emre|title=Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis|journal=Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology|volume=47|issue=2|year=2003|pages=155–169|issn=10408428|doi=10.1016/S1040-8428(03)00079-9}}</ref> | ||
*[[Smoking]]<ref name="pmid21846855">{{cite journal| author=Freedman ND, Silverman DT, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Abnet CC| title=Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women. | journal=JAMA | year= 2011 | volume= 306 | issue= 7 | pages= 737-45 | pmid=21846855 | doi=10.1001/jama.2011.1142 | pmc=3441175 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21846855 }}</ref> | *[[Smoking]]<ref name="pmid21846855">{{cite journal| author=Freedman ND, Silverman DT, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Abnet CC| title=Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women. | journal=JAMA | year= 2011 | volume= 306 | issue= 7 | pages= 737-45 | pmid=21846855 | doi=10.1001/jama.2011.1142 | pmc=3441175 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21846855 }}</ref> | ||
*Smoking [[tobacco]] is the strongest risk factor for developing [[cancer]] of the r[[Renal pelvis|enal pelvis]] or [[ureter]].<ref name="pmid26149669">{{cite journal| author=Cumberbatch MG, Rota M, Catto JW, La Vecchia C| title=The Role of Tobacco Smoke in Bladder and Kidney Carcinogenesis: A Comparison of Exposures and Meta-analysis of Incidence and Mortality Risks. | journal=Eur Urol | year= 2016 | volume= 70 | issue= 3 | pages= 458-66 | pmid=26149669 | doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.042 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26149669 }}</ref> | |||
*Risk increases with the length of time a person [[smokes]] and with the number of [[cigarettes]] smoked. | |||
*Exposure to [[secondhand smoke]]<ref name="pmid17671226">{{cite journal| author=Jiang X, Yuan JM, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Yu MC| title=Environmental tobacco smoke and bladder cancer risk in never smokers of Los Angeles County. | journal=Cancer Res | year= 2007 | volume= 67 | issue= 15 | pages= 7540-5 | pmid=17671226 | doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0048 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17671226 }}</ref> | |||
*[[Phenacetin]] | *[[Phenacetin]] | ||
*Aromatic amines, such as 2-naphthylamine, benzidine. | *[[Aromatic amines]], such as 2[[Naphthylamine|-naphthylamine]], [[benzidine]]. | ||
*[[Human papilloma virus]] | *[[Human papilloma virus]] | ||
*[[Balkan nephropathy]] | *[[Balkan nephropathy]] | ||
*Well-characterized carcinogenic chemicals | *Well-characterized carcinogenic chemicals: | ||
* 4-aminobiphenyl | * 4-aminobiphenyl | ||
* 4-nitrobiphenyl | * 4-nitrobiphenyl | ||
* 2-amino-1-naphthol | * 2-amino-1-naphthol | ||
*Occupational exposure to chemicals<ref name="pmid14750529">{{cite journal| author=Kogevinas M, 't Mannetje A, Cordier S, Ranft U, González CA, Vineis P et al.| title=Occupation and bladder cancer among men in Western Europe. | journal=Cancer Causes Control | year= 2003 | volume= 14 | issue= 10 | pages= 907-14 | pmid=14750529 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14750529 }}</ref> | *Occupational exposure to [[chemicals]]<ref name="pmid14750529">{{cite journal| author=Kogevinas M, 't Mannetje A, Cordier S, Ranft U, González CA, Vineis P et al.| title=Occupation and bladder cancer among men in Western Europe. | journal=Cancer Causes Control | year= 2003 | volume= 14 | issue= 10 | pages= 907-14 | pmid=14750529 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14750529 }}</ref> | ||
:* Metal workers | :*[[Metal]] workers | ||
:* Painters | :* Painters | ||
:* Rubber industry workers | :* Rubber industry workers | ||
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* Chronic [[bladder]] irritation | * Chronic [[bladder]] irritation | ||
* Drinking chlorinated water | * Drinking chlorinated water | ||
* High concentrations of arsenic in drinking water | * High concentrations of [[arsenic]] in drinking water | ||
* Decreased fluid intake | * Decreased fluid intake | ||
* Consumption of Chinese herbs that contain aristolochic acid | * Consumption of Chinese herbs that contain [[aristolochic acid]] | ||
*[[Inflammation]] | |||
*Chronic [[urinary tract infection]] | |||
*[[Bladder stones]] | |||
*''[[Schistosoma haematobium]]'' | |||
:* Trauma | |||
:*[[Trauma]] | |||
* [[Chemotherapy]] | * [[Chemotherapy]] | ||
:* [[Cyclophosphamide]] | :* [[Cyclophosphamide]] | ||
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:*[[Urachus]] | :*[[Urachus]] | ||
:*[[Bladder exstrophy|Exstrophy]] | :*[[Bladder exstrophy|Exstrophy]] | ||
* Aristolochic acids | *[[Aristolochic acid|Aristolochic acids]] | ||
* Urothelial cancers of the renal pelvis and ureter | *[[Urothelial cancer|Urothelial cancers]] of the [[renal pelvis]] and [[ureter]] | ||
* Augmentation cystoplasty | * Augmentation [[cystoplasty]] | ||
* Thiazolidinediones given for diabetes | *[[Thiazolidinediones]] given for [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] | ||
* Other factors | * Other factors | ||
:* Air pollution | :* Air pollution | ||
:* Artificial sweeteners | :*[[Artificial sweetener|Artificial sweeteners]] | ||
:* Coffee and tea | :* Coffee and tea | ||
:* Hair dyes | :* Hair dyes | ||
* GENETIC EFFECTS | *[[Genetic|GENETIC]] EFFECTS: | ||
:* | |||
:* Mutation in the TP53 gene | :*[[Hereditary]] | ||
:* Alterations of the RB gene | :*[[Mutations|Mutation]] in the [[TP53 (gene)|TP53 gene]] | ||
:* Alterations of the [[Rb|RB gene]] | |||
:* Differences in the endogenous mechanisms responsible for metabolizing chemical carcinogens | :* Differences in the endogenous mechanisms responsible for metabolizing chemical carcinogens | ||
Revision as of 14:28, 28 June 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Suveenkrishna Pothuru, M.B,B.S. [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of transitional cell carcinoma are smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, chronic bladder irritation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, arsenic, personal history of cancer in the urinary tract, congenital bladder anomalies, and aristolochic acids.
Risk Factors
Environmental exposures account for most cases of bladder cancer.
Common risk factors in the development of transitional cell carcinoma are:[1][2]
- Smoking[3]
- Smoking tobacco is the strongest risk factor for developing cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter.[4]
- Risk increases with the length of time a person smokes and with the number of cigarettes smoked.
- Exposure to secondhand smoke[5]
- Phenacetin
- Aromatic amines, such as 2-naphthylamine, benzidine.
- Human papilloma virus
- Balkan nephropathy
- Well-characterized carcinogenic chemicals:
- 4-aminobiphenyl
- 4-nitrobiphenyl
- 2-amino-1-naphthol
- Metal workers
- Painters
- Rubber industry workers
- Textile and electrical workers
- Miners
- Cement workers
- Transport operators
- Excavating-machine operators
- Jobs that involve manufacture of carpets, paints, plastics, and industrial chemicals.
- Chronic bladder irritation
- Drinking chlorinated water
- High concentrations of arsenic in drinking water
- Decreased fluid intake
- Consumption of Chinese herbs that contain aristolochic acid
- Inflammation
- Chronic urinary tract infection
- Bladder stones
- Schistosoma haematobium
- Radiation therapy
- Arsenic
- Congenital bladder anomalies
- Aristolochic acids
- Urothelial cancers of the renal pelvis and ureter
- Augmentation cystoplasty
- Thiazolidinediones given for diabetes
- Other factors
- Air pollution
- Artificial sweeteners
- Coffee and tea
- Hair dyes
- GENETIC EFFECTS:
- Hereditary
- Mutation in the TP53 gene
- Alterations of the RB gene
- Differences in the endogenous mechanisms responsible for metabolizing chemical carcinogens
References
- ↑ Risk factors for bladder cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks/?region=ab Accessed on February 10, 2016
- ↑ Kirkali, Ziya; Tuzel, Emre (2003). "Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 47 (2): 155–169. doi:10.1016/S1040-8428(03)00079-9. ISSN 1040-8428.
- ↑ Freedman ND, Silverman DT, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Abnet CC (2011). "Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women". JAMA. 306 (7): 737–45. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1142. PMC 3441175. PMID 21846855.
- ↑ Cumberbatch MG, Rota M, Catto JW, La Vecchia C (2016). "The Role of Tobacco Smoke in Bladder and Kidney Carcinogenesis: A Comparison of Exposures and Meta-analysis of Incidence and Mortality Risks". Eur Urol. 70 (3): 458–66. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.042. PMID 26149669.
- ↑ Jiang X, Yuan JM, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Yu MC (2007). "Environmental tobacco smoke and bladder cancer risk in never smokers of Los Angeles County". Cancer Res. 67 (15): 7540–5. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0048. PMID 17671226.
- ↑ Kogevinas M, 't Mannetje A, Cordier S, Ranft U, González CA, Vineis P; et al. (2003). "Occupation and bladder cancer among men in Western Europe". Cancer Causes Control. 14 (10): 907–14. PMID 14750529.