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*Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is an autoimmune retinal degenerative disease caused by serum autoantibodies cross reacting against the retinal, and retinal like antigens. <ref name="pmid32823399">{{cite journal| author=Dutta Majumder P, Marchese A, Pichi F, Garg I, Agarwal A| title=An update on autoimmune retinopathy. | journal=Indian J Ophthalmol | year= 2020 | volume= 68 | issue= 9 | pages= 1829-1837 | pmid=32823399 | doi=10.4103/ijo.IJO_786_20 | pmc=7690499 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32823399 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid26847311">{{cite journal| author=Choi EY, Kim M, Adamus G, Koh HJ, Lee SC| title=Non-Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Retinopathy: The First Case Report in Korea. | journal=Yonsei Med J | year= 2016 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 527-31 | pmid=26847311 | doi=10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.527 | pmc=4740551 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26847311 }} </ref> | *Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is an autoimmune retinal degenerative disease caused by serum autoantibodies cross reacting against the retinal, and retinal like antigens. <ref name="pmid32823399">{{cite journal| author=Dutta Majumder P, Marchese A, Pichi F, Garg I, Agarwal A| title=An update on autoimmune retinopathy. | journal=Indian J Ophthalmol | year= 2020 | volume= 68 | issue= 9 | pages= 1829-1837 | pmid=32823399 | doi=10.4103/ijo.IJO_786_20 | pmc=7690499 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32823399 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid26847311">{{cite journal| author=Choi EY, Kim M, Adamus G, Koh HJ, Lee SC| title=Non-Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Retinopathy: The First Case Report in Korea. | journal=Yonsei Med J | year= 2016 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 527-31 | pmid=26847311 | doi=10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.527 | pmc=4740551 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26847311 }} </ref> | ||
*There are a significant number of anti-retinal antibodies that are associated with AIR, these include antibodies to Anti-recoverin, anti-alpha-enolase, anti-transducin, anti-CAII, anti-arrestin, anti-rhodopsin, anti-Muller glial cells, anti-mitofilin, anti-tintin, anti-COX. However, seronegative disease is also common. | *There are a significant number of anti-retinal antibodies that are associated with AIR, these include antibodies to Anti-recoverin, anti-alpha-enolase, anti-transducin, anti-CAII, anti-arrestin, anti-rhodopsin, anti-Muller glial cells, anti-mitofilin, anti-tintin, anti-COX. However, seronegative disease is also common. | ||
*Paraneopastic autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is triggered by molecular mimicry between tumor antigens and retinal proteins, and non-paraneoplastic AIR is triggered by cross reactivity between the viral or bacterial proteins and retinal proteins. | *Paraneopastic autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is triggered by molecular mimicry between tumor antigens and retinal proteins, and non-paraneoplastic AIR is triggered by cross reactivity between the viral or bacterial proteins and retinal proteins. | ||
*Both recoverin and α-enolase cause apoptosis of the retinal cells by cellular internalization via cascade pathways and intracellular calcium influx. | *Both recoverin and α-enolase cause apoptosis of the retinal cells by cellular internalization via cascade pathways and intracellular calcium influx. | ||
*AIR has been observed in patients with a history of autoimmune diseases and neoplastic diseases i.e melanoma. <ref name="pmid29340169">{{cite journal| author=Canamary AM, Takahashi WY, Sallum JMF| title=Autoimmune retinopathy: A Review. | journal=Int J Retina Vitreous | year= 2018 | volume= 4 | issue= | pages= 1 | pmid=29340169 | doi=10.1186/s40942-017-0104-9 | pmc=5759752 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29340169 }} </ref> | *AIR has been observed in patients with a history of autoimmune diseases and neoplastic diseases i.e melanoma. <ref name="pmid29340169">{{cite journal| author=Canamary AM, Takahashi WY, Sallum JMF| title=Autoimmune retinopathy: A Review. | journal=Int J Retina Vitreous | year= 2018 | volume= 4 | issue= | pages= 1 | pmid=29340169 | doi=10.1186/s40942-017-0104-9 | pmc=5759752 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29340169 }} </ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
!Type of Autoimmune retinopathy | |||
!Antibody specificity | |||
|- | |||
|Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) | |||
|Anti-recoverin, Anti-alpha-enolase, Anti-transducin, Anti-carbonic anhydrase II | |||
|- | |||
|Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) | |||
|Anti-transducin, Anti-carbonic anhydrase II, Anti-arrestin, Anti-rhodopsin, Anti-Muller glial cells, | |||
Anti-mitofilin (mitochondrial protein), Anti-tintin, Anti-COX (cytochrome c oxidase, assembly mitochondrial protein) | |||
|- | |||
|Non-paraneoplastic AIR (npAIR) | |||
|Anti-alpha-enolase, Anti-transducin, Anti-carbonic anhydrase II | |||
|} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 13:25, 17 July 2022
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: M. Hassan, M.B.B.S
Overview
Pathophysiology
- Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is an autoimmune retinal degenerative disease caused by serum autoantibodies cross reacting against the retinal, and retinal like antigens. [1] [2]
- There are a significant number of anti-retinal antibodies that are associated with AIR, these include antibodies to Anti-recoverin, anti-alpha-enolase, anti-transducin, anti-CAII, anti-arrestin, anti-rhodopsin, anti-Muller glial cells, anti-mitofilin, anti-tintin, anti-COX. However, seronegative disease is also common.
- Paraneopastic autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is triggered by molecular mimicry between tumor antigens and retinal proteins, and non-paraneoplastic AIR is triggered by cross reactivity between the viral or bacterial proteins and retinal proteins.
- Both recoverin and α-enolase cause apoptosis of the retinal cells by cellular internalization via cascade pathways and intracellular calcium influx.
- AIR has been observed in patients with a history of autoimmune diseases and neoplastic diseases i.e melanoma. [3]
| Type of Autoimmune retinopathy | Antibody specificity |
|---|---|
| Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) | Anti-recoverin, Anti-alpha-enolase, Anti-transducin, Anti-carbonic anhydrase II |
| Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) | Anti-transducin, Anti-carbonic anhydrase II, Anti-arrestin, Anti-rhodopsin, Anti-Muller glial cells,
Anti-mitofilin (mitochondrial protein), Anti-tintin, Anti-COX (cytochrome c oxidase, assembly mitochondrial protein) |
| Non-paraneoplastic AIR (npAIR) | Anti-alpha-enolase, Anti-transducin, Anti-carbonic anhydrase II |
References
- ↑ Dutta Majumder P, Marchese A, Pichi F, Garg I, Agarwal A (2020). "An update on autoimmune retinopathy". Indian J Ophthalmol. 68 (9): 1829–1837. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_786_20. PMC 7690499 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32823399 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Choi EY, Kim M, Adamus G, Koh HJ, Lee SC (2016). "Non-Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Retinopathy: The First Case Report in Korea". Yonsei Med J. 57 (2): 527–31. doi:10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.527. PMC 4740551. PMID 26847311.
- ↑ Canamary AM, Takahashi WY, Sallum JMF (2018). "Autoimmune retinopathy: A Review". Int J Retina Vitreous. 4: 1. doi:10.1186/s40942-017-0104-9. PMC 5759752. PMID 29340169.