Lipotropin: Difference between revisions
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{{infobox protein | |||
{{protein | | Name = [[proopiomelanocortin|pro-opiomelanocortin]] | ||
| Name = proopiomelanocortin | |||
| caption = | | caption = | ||
| image = | | image = | ||
| width = | | width = | ||
| HGNCid = 9201 | | HGNCid = 9201 | ||
| Symbol = POMC | | Symbol = POMC | ||
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| LocusSupplementaryData = | | LocusSupplementaryData = | ||
}} | }} | ||
== | '''Lipotropin''' is a [[hormone]] produced by the cleavage of [[pro-opiomelanocortin]] (POMC). The [[anterior pituitary|anterior pituitary gland]] produces the [[pro-hormone]] POMC, which is then cleaved again to form [[Adrenocorticotropic hormone|adrenocorticotropin]] (ACTH) and β-lipotropin (β-LPH). | ||
== β-Lipotropin == | |||
β-Lipotropin is a 90-[[amino acid]] [[polypeptide]] that is the [[C-terminus|carboxy-terminal]] fragment of POMC. It was initially reported to stimulate [[melanocytes]] to produce [[melanin]]. It was also reported to perform lipid-mobilizing functions such as [[lipolysis]]<ref>{{citation | title= Isolation and structure of an untriakontapeptide with opiate activity from camel pituitary glands |author1=Choh Hao Li |author2=David Chung | journal= Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | pages= 1145-8 | issue=4 |volume= 73 |year= 1976 |accessdate= 2017-05-09 | | pmc=430217 | pmid= 1063395}}</ref> and [[steroidogenesis]]. However, no subsequent studies have been published that support these early findings and no receptor has been identified for β-lipotropin. | |||
β-Lipotropin can be cleaved into smaller peptides. In humans, γ-lipotropin, [[β-MSH]], and [[β-endorphin]], are all possible fragments of β-lipotropin.<ref>{{citation | title= NH2-Terminal amino acid sequence and peptide mapping of purified human β-lipotropin: Comparison with previously proposed sequences |author1=Joachim Spiess |author2=Charles D. Mount |author3=Wendell E. Nicholson |author4=David N. Orth | journal= Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | pages= 5071–5 | issue=16 |volume= 79 |year= 1982 |accessdate= 2007-06-21 | doi=10.1073/pnas.79.16.5071 | bibcode=1982PNAS...79.5071S | pmc=346829 | pmid=6956916}}</ref> β-Lipotropin is the predominant opioid of the anterior human and rat pituitary gland. It is found in essentially equimolar concentrations to that of [[corticotropin]]. Evidence shows that β-Lipotropin is metabolized into [[endorphins]] that can greatly affect mood and behavior and is thus regarded as a [[prohormone]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lazarus|first=L H|author2=Ling, Guillemin |title=beta-Lipotropin as a prohormone for the morphinomimetic peptides endorphins and enkephalins|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=June 1, 1976|volume=73|issue=6|pages=2156–2159|doi=10.1073/pnas.73.6.2156}}</ref> | |||
== γ-Lipotropin == | |||
γ-lipotropin is the [[N-terminus|amino-terminal]] peptide fragment of β-lipotropin. In humans, it has 56 amino acids. Gamma lipotropin is identical to the first 56 amino acid sequences of β-lipotropin. It can be cleaved to [[melanocyte-stimulating hormone|β-melanocyte stimulating hormone]]. | |||
== Use in sport == | |||
Lipotropin has also, under its alternate name AOD-9604 (Anti-Obesity Drug-9604),<ref>[https://peptidesdirect.com.au/peptides/AOD9604 Peptides Direct information page, accessed 26 August 2013]</ref> been connected with controversies in [[Australian Rules Football]]. Allegations have arisen around the use of the drug and its administration to players of the [[Essendon Football Club]] as a supplement, including weekly administration to players in the 2012 season. The matters are currently under investigation due to the relationship between Lipotropin and growth hormones, as noted by club medical staff.<ref>AFL Statement of Charges against James Hird and Essendon Football Club, accessed 26 August 2013 [http://www.afl.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/AFL/Files/EssendonFC-notice-of-charges.pdf]</ref> | |||
==External links== | == References == | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
== External links == | |||
* {{MeshName|beta-Lipotropin}} | * {{MeshName|beta-Lipotropin}} | ||
* {{MeshName|gamma-Lipotropin}} | * {{MeshName|gamma-Lipotropin}} | ||
{{Hormones}} | {{Hormones}} | ||
{{Neuropeptides}} | {{Neuropeptides}} | ||
{{Peptidergics}} | |||
[[Category:Tumor markers]] | |||
{{Molecular-biology-stub}} | |||
{{ | |||
Revision as of 23:04, 9 May 2017
| pro-opiomelanocortin | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | POMC |
| Entrez | 5443 |
| HUGO | 9201 |
| OMIM | 176830 |
| RefSeq | NM_000939 |
| UniProt | P01189 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 2 p23 |
Lipotropin is a hormone produced by the cleavage of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). The anterior pituitary gland produces the pro-hormone POMC, which is then cleaved again to form adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and β-lipotropin (β-LPH).
β-Lipotropin
β-Lipotropin is a 90-amino acid polypeptide that is the carboxy-terminal fragment of POMC. It was initially reported to stimulate melanocytes to produce melanin. It was also reported to perform lipid-mobilizing functions such as lipolysis[1] and steroidogenesis. However, no subsequent studies have been published that support these early findings and no receptor has been identified for β-lipotropin.
β-Lipotropin can be cleaved into smaller peptides. In humans, γ-lipotropin, β-MSH, and β-endorphin, are all possible fragments of β-lipotropin.[2] β-Lipotropin is the predominant opioid of the anterior human and rat pituitary gland. It is found in essentially equimolar concentrations to that of corticotropin. Evidence shows that β-Lipotropin is metabolized into endorphins that can greatly affect mood and behavior and is thus regarded as a prohormone.[3]
γ-Lipotropin
γ-lipotropin is the amino-terminal peptide fragment of β-lipotropin. In humans, it has 56 amino acids. Gamma lipotropin is identical to the first 56 amino acid sequences of β-lipotropin. It can be cleaved to β-melanocyte stimulating hormone.
Use in sport
Lipotropin has also, under its alternate name AOD-9604 (Anti-Obesity Drug-9604),[4] been connected with controversies in Australian Rules Football. Allegations have arisen around the use of the drug and its administration to players of the Essendon Football Club as a supplement, including weekly administration to players in the 2012 season. The matters are currently under investigation due to the relationship between Lipotropin and growth hormones, as noted by club medical staff.[5]
References
- ↑ Choh Hao Li; David Chung (1976), "Isolation and structure of an untriakontapeptide with opiate activity from camel pituitary glands", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 73 (4): 1145–8, PMC 430217, PMID 1063395
|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Joachim Spiess; Charles D. Mount; Wendell E. Nicholson; David N. Orth (1982), "NH2-Terminal amino acid sequence and peptide mapping of purified human β-lipotropin: Comparison with previously proposed sequences", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79 (16): 5071–5, Bibcode:1982PNAS...79.5071S, doi:10.1073/pnas.79.16.5071, PMC 346829, PMID 6956916
|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Lazarus, L H; Ling, Guillemin (June 1, 1976). "beta-Lipotropin as a prohormone for the morphinomimetic peptides endorphins and enkephalins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 73 (6): 2156–2159. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.6.2156.
- ↑ Peptides Direct information page, accessed 26 August 2013
- ↑ AFL Statement of Charges against James Hird and Essendon Football Club, accessed 26 August 2013 [1]
External links
- beta-Lipotropin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- gamma-Lipotropin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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