Transitional cell carcinoma overview: Difference between revisions
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===Staging=== | ===Staging=== | ||
The staging of transitional cell carcinoma is based on the [[TNM]] staging system. | The staging of transitional cell carcinoma is based on the [[TNM]] staging system. | ||
===History and Symptoms=== | |||
The most common symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma of bladder include [[hematuria]], [[urinary frequency]], [[urinary urgency]], and [[dysuria]]. The most common symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma of upper urinary tract include [[hematuria]] and pain in the [[flank]] or [[abdomen]]. Less common symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma include loss of [[appetite]], [[weight loss]], [[fatigue]], and [[fever]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 14:08, 24 February 2016
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Transitional cell carcinoma Microchapters |
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Differentiating Transitional cell carcinoma from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Transitional cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the kidney, bladder or ureter. It is the most common type of bladder cancer. It arises from the transitional epithelium lining found in these organs.
Classification
Based on the growth pattern, transitional cell carcinoma may be classified into either papillary urothelial carcinoma or non-papillary urothelial carcinoma. Transitional cell carcinoma may be classified according to World Health Organization in a collaborative effort conjointly with the International Society of Urological Pathologists (ISUP) into two groups: infiltrating urothelial carcinomas and non-invasive urothelial carcinomas.[1] Based on the degree of cellular differentiation, transitional cell carcinoma may be classified into two grades: low grade and high grade.
Pathophysiology
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of transitional cell carcinoma of bladder include HRAS, Rb1, PTEN/MMAC1, NAT2, and GSTM1. On gross pathology, flat lesions or papillary lesions are characteristic findings of non-invasive transitional cell carcinomas; a large infiltrative mass or a multifocal, flat to papillary lesion with delicate fronds are characteristic findings of invasive transitional cell carcinomas. On microscopic histopathological analysis, loss of cell polarity, nuclear crowding, and cytologic atypia are characteristic findings of flat lesion; fibrovascular stalks, umbrella cells, and eosinophilic cytoplasm are characteristic findings of papillary lesion; invasion beyond the basement membrane is the characteristic finding of invasive transitional cell carcinomas.
Causes
There are no established causes for transitional cell carcinoma.
Differentiating Transitional cell carcinoma from other Diseases
Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder must be differentiated from squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, adenocarcinoma of the bladder, renal cancer, renal stones, prostate cancer, and cystitis. Transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis must be differentiated from renal cell carcinoma, kidney metastasis, renal medullary carcinoma, renal lymphoma, renal abscess, renal tuberculosis, pyelitis cystica, and papillary necrosis.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of transitional cell carcinoma are smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, chronic bladder irritation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, arsenic, personal history of cancer in the urinary tract, congenital bladder anomalies, and aristolochic acids.
Screening
According to the the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF), there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for transitional cell carcinoma.[2]
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Common complications of transitional cell carcinoma include metastasis, anemia, hydronephrosis, urethral stricture, and urinary incontinence. Depending on the stage and grade of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis of transitional cell carcinoma may vary. However, the 5-year survival rate of patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma is approximately 77.5% and of patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma is approximately 75%.[3]
Diagnosis
Staging
The staging of transitional cell carcinoma is based on the TNM staging system.
History and Symptoms
The most common symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma of bladder include hematuria, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, and dysuria. The most common symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma of upper urinary tract include hematuria and pain in the flank or abdomen. Less common symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma include loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, and fever.
References
- ↑ Oosterhuis JW, Schapers RF, Janssen-Heijnen ML, Pauwels RP, Newling DW, ten Kate F (2002). "Histological grading of papillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: prognostic value of the 1998 WHO/ISUP classification system and comparison with conventional grading systems". J Clin Pathol. 55 (12): 900–5. PMC 1769816. PMID 12461053.
- ↑ Bladder Cancer. U.S. Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) 2015. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/BrowseRec/Search?s=transitional+cell+cancer Accessed on February, 10 2016
- ↑ Munoz JJ, Ellison LM (2000). "Upper tract urothelial neoplasms: incidence and survival during the last 2 decades". J Urol. 164 (5): 1523–5. PMID 11025695.