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===Risk Factors===
===Risk Factors===
Many factors contribute the development of stomatitis in an individual. The risk factors for stomatitis include [[alcohol]], [[smoking]], [[trauma]], [[stress]], [[nutritional deficiency]], [[immunocompromised]] status etc.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
| title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
| journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
| volume = 77
| issue = 908
| pages = 392–394
| year = 2001
| month = June
| pmid = 11375454
}}</ref>
The following risk factors are believed to influence the development of stomatitis:<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
| title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
| journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
| volume = 77
| issue = 908
| pages = 392–394
| year = 2001
| month = June
| pmid = 11375454
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Carolina-Cavalieri Gomes]], [[Ricardo-Santiago Gomez]], [[Livia-Guimaraes Zina]] & [[Fabricio-Rezende Amaral]]
| title = Recurrent aphthous stomatitis and Helicobacter pylori
| journal = [[Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal]]
| volume = 21
| issue = 2
| pages = e187–e191
| year = 2016
| month = March
| pmid = 26827061
}}</ref>
*[[Smoking]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Trauma]]
*Psychological stress
*[[H. pylori]]
*Sensitivity to food
*Nutritional abnormalities
*Immunologic deficiencies e.g [[HIV]]
*Genetic factors
*[[Chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Kenji Momo]]
| title = &#91;Indomethacin Spray Preparation for the Control of Pain Associated with Stomatitis Caused by Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Cancer Patients&#93;
| journal = [[Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan]]
| volume = 135
| issue = 8
| pages = 931–935
| year = 2015
| month =
| doi = 10.1248/yakushi.15-00112-1
| pmid = 26234349
}}</ref>
*Poor denture hygiene<ref name="pmid3298586">{{cite journal| author=Arendorf TM, Walker DM| title=Denture stomatitis: a review. | journal=J Oral Rehabil | year= 1987 | volume= 14 | issue= 3 | pages= 217-27 | pmid=3298586 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3298586  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25082257">{{cite journal| author=Marinoski J, Bokor-Bratić M, Čanković M| title=Is denture stomatitis always related with candida infection? A case control study. | journal=Med Glas (Zenica) | year= 2014 | volume= 11 | issue= 2 | pages= 379-84 | pmid=25082257 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25082257  }} </ref>


===Screening===
===Screening===

Revision as of 21:35, 7 March 2017

Stomatitis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, throat, and roof or floor of the mouth. The inflammation can be caused by conditions in the mouth itself, such as poor oral hygiene, poorly fitted dentures, or from mouth burns from hot food or drinks, or by conditions that affect the entire body, such as medications, allergic reactions, or infections. A form of stomatitis known as stomatitis nicotina can be caused by smoking cigars, cigarettes, and pipes, and is characterized by small red bumps on the roof of the mouth.[1]

When it also involves an inflammation of the gingiva, it is called gingivostomatitis. Irritation and fissuring in the corners of the lips is termed angular stomatits or angular cheilitis. In children a frequent cause is repeated lip-licking and in adults it may be a sign of underlying iron deficiency anemia, or vitamin B deficiencis (e.g. B2-riboflavin, B9-folate or B12-cobalamins), which in turn may be evidence of poor diets or malnutrition (e.g. celiac disease).

Classification

There is no known classification of stomatitis. Stomatitis can be classified on the basis of aetiology and on the basis of the pathogens involved. Some types of stomatitis may include:[2][3]

Pathophysiology

Stomatitis is the inflammation of the mucosal surfaces in the mouth. Various factors can contribute to the pathogenesis of stomatitis depending on the type of stomatitis.[9]

  • A definitive pathogenesis for aphthous stomatitis is not known but the proposed mechanism involves immune system abnormalities and the presence of autoimmune antibodies. It is thought to be caused by some types of cytokine and T cell accumulation manifesting as a defective cell mediated arm of the immunity.Recurrence is very common in aphthous ulcers.[10][11][2]

Causes

Various pathogens including Herpes virus, lack of oral hygiene and nutritional deficiencies can cause stomatitis along with many other causes. A detailed insight on the various causes of stomatitis has been described. The common causes of stomatitis include:[12][13][9]

Differential Diagnosis

Stomatitis should be differentiated from various subtypes of stomatitis and from many other disease that can involve the oral cavity such as agranulocystosis, Behcet's disease, immunodeficiency and tutors of the oral cavity like leukoplakia etc.[3][14]

Epidemiology and Demographics

The epidemiology and demographics vary for various kinds of stomatitis.

  • Herpetic gingivostomatitis occurs mostly in children between 6 months to 5 years. It can also occur in other age groups.[12]
  • Noma or gangrenous stomatitis is more common in children[3]
  • Pyostomatitis vegetans usually occurs between the age of 20 to 50 years[15]

Risk Factors

Many factors contribute the development of stomatitis in an individual. The risk factors for stomatitis include alcohol, smoking, trauma, stress, nutritional deficiency, immunocompromised status etc.[16] The following risk factors are believed to influence the development of stomatitis:[17][18]

Screening

Screening for stomatitis is not recommended.[22]

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History

Symptoms and Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

X ray

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

References

  1. ↑ "Smoking and Noncancerous Oral Disease" (PDF). The Reports of the Surgeon General. 1969. Retrieved 2006-06-23.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Murray LN, Amedee RG (2000). "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis". J La State Med Soc. 152 (1): 10–4. PMID 10668310.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Mandell; Gouglas, Gordon; Bennett, John. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Harvard Medical School: WILEY MEDICAL. p. 383. ISBN 0-471-87643-7. Unknown parameter |firs1t= ignored (help)​
  4. ↑ Zwetyenga N, See LA, Szwebel J, Beuste M, Aragou M, Oeuvrard C; et al. (2015). "[Noma]". Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac Chir Orale. 116 (4): 261–79. doi:10.1016/j.revsto.2015.06.009. PMID 26235765.
  5. ↑ Zhou PR, Hua H, Liu XS (2017). "Quantity of Candida Colonies in Saliva: 
A Diagnostic Evaluation for Oral Candidiasis". Chin J Dent Res. 20 (1): 27–32. doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a37739. PMID 28232964.
  6. ↑ Anderson JG, Peralta S, Kol A, Kass PH, Murphy B (2017). "Clinical and Histopathologic Characterization of Canine Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis". Vet Pathol: 300985816688754. doi:10.1177/0300985816688754. PMID 28113036.
  7. ↑ Katsoulas N, Chrysomali E, Piperi E, Levidou G, Sklavounou-Andrikopoulou A (2016). "Atypical methotrexate ulcerative stomatitis with features of lymphoproliferative like disorder: Report of a rare ciprofloxacin-induced case and review of the literature". J Clin Exp Dent. 8 (5): e629–e633. doi:10.4317/jced.52909. PMC 5149103. PMID 27957282.
  8. ↑ A. Tosti, B. M. Piraccini & A. M. Peluso (1997). "Contact and irritant stomatitis". Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery. 16 (4): 314–319. PMID 9421224. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sonis ST (2004). "The pathobiology of mucositis". Nat Rev Cancer. 4 (4): 277–84. doi:10.1038/nrc1318. PMID 15057287.
  10. ↑ Ship JA (1996). "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. An update". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 81 (2): 141–7. PMID 8665304.
  11. ↑ Dalghous AM, Freysdottir J, Fortune F (2006). "Expression of cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors in oral ulcers of patients with Behcet's disease (BD) and recurrent aphthous stomatitis is Th1-associated, although Th2-association is also observed in patients with BD". Scand J Rheumatol. 35 (6): 472–5. PMID 17343257.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kolokotronis A, Doumas S (2006). "Herpes simplex virus infection, with particular reference to the progression and complications of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis". Clin Microbiol Infect. 12 (3): 202–11. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01336.x. PMID 16451405.
  13. ↑ R. Morgan, J. Tsang, N. Harrington & L. Fook (2001). "Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients". Postgraduate medical journal. 77 (908): 392–394. PMID 11375454. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Scully C (1999). "A review of common mucocutaneous disorders affecting the mouth and lips". Ann Acad Med Singapore. 28 (5): 704–7. PMID 10597357.
  15. ↑ Hansen L.S., Silverman S., and Daniels T.E.: The differential diagnosis of pyostomatitis vegetans and its relation to bowel disease. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1983; 55: pp. 363-373
  16. ↑ R. Morgan, J. Tsang, N. Harrington & L. Fook (2001). "Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients". Postgraduate medical journal. 77 (908): 392–394. PMID 11375454. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ R. Morgan, J. Tsang, N. Harrington & L. Fook (2001). "Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients". Postgraduate medical journal. 77 (908): 392–394. PMID 11375454. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Carolina-Cavalieri Gomes, Ricardo-Santiago Gomez, Livia-Guimaraes Zina & Fabricio-Rezende Amaral (2016). "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis and Helicobacter pylori". Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. 21 (2): e187–e191. PMID 26827061. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Kenji Momo (2015). "[Indomethacin Spray Preparation for the Control of Pain Associated with Stomatitis Caused by Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Cancer Patients]". Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. 135 (8): 931–935. doi:10.1248/yakushi.15-00112-1. PMID 26234349.
  20. ↑ Arendorf TM, Walker DM (1987). "Denture stomatitis: a review". J Oral Rehabil. 14 (3): 217–27. PMID 3298586.
  21. ↑ Marinoski J, Bokor-Bratić M, Čanković M (2014). "Is denture stomatitis always related with candida infection? A case control study". Med Glas (Zenica). 11 (2): 379–84. PMID 25082257.
  22. ↑ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/BrowseRec/Search?s=stomatitis Accessed on August 31, 2016


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