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{{Infobox gene}}
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'''Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit gamma, mitochondrial''' is an [[enzyme]] that in humans is encoded by the ''IDH3G'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9286695">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brenner V, Nyakatura G, Rosenthal A, Platzer M | title = Genomic organization of two novel genes on human Xq28: compact head to head arrangement of IDH gamma and TRAP delta is conserved in rat and mouse | journal = Genomics | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 8–14 |date=November 1997 | pmid = 9286695 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1006/geno.1997.4822 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: IDH3G isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) gamma| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3421| accessdate = }}</ref>
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = 
| image_source = 
| PDB =
| Name = Isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) gamma
| HGNCid = 5386
| Symbol = IDH3G
| AltSymbols =; H-IDHG
| OMIM = 300089
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 55803
| MGIid = 1099463
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_IDH3G_202471_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_IDH3G_214333_x_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000166 |text = nucleotide binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004449 |text = isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005524 |text = ATP binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016491 |text = oxidoreductase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016652 |text = oxidoreductase activity, acting on NADH or NADPH, NAD or NADP as acceptor}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005575 |text = cellular_component}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005739 |text = mitochondrion}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005975 |text = carbohydrate metabolic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006099 |text = tricarboxylic acid cycle}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008152 |text = metabolic process}}
  | Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 3421
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000067829
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_004126
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_004135
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = X
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 152704415
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 152713172
    | Hs_Uniprot = P51553
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 15929
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000002010
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_008323
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_032349
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = X
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 70031683
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 70039617
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3TGZ3
  }}
}}
'''Isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) gamma''', also known as '''IDH3G''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: IDH3G isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) gamma| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3421| accessdate = }}</ref>


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| summary_text = Isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as the electron acceptor and the other NADP(+). Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the other predominantly cytosolic. NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the allosterically regulated rate-limiting step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each isozyme is a heterotetramer that is composed of two alpha subunits, one beta subunit, and one gamma subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is the gamma subunit of one isozyme of NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. This gene is a candidate gene for periventricular heterotopia. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but only some of their full length natures have been determined.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: IDH3G isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) gamma| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3421| accessdate = }}</ref>
| summary_text = [[Isocitrate dehydrogenase]]s (IDHs) [[catalyze]] the oxidative de[[carboxylation]] of [[isocitrate]] to [[2-oxoglutarate]]. These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes [[Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide|NAD]](+) as the [[electron acceptor]] and the other NADP(+). Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two [[NADP]](+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is [[mitochondria]]l and the other predominantly [[cytosol]]ic. NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the [[allosteric regulation|allosterically regulated]] [[rate-limiting step]] of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]]. Each isozyme is a [[heterotetramer]] that is composed of two alpha [[Protein subunit|subunit]]s, one beta subunit, and one gamma subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is the gamma subunit of one isozyme of NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. This gene is a candidate gene for [[Ventricular system|periventricular]] [[heterotopia (medicine)|heterotopia]]. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but only some of their full length natures have been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]<ref name="entrez" />
}}
}}
== Structure ==
IDH3 is one of three isocitrate dehydrogenase isozymes, the other two being [[IDH1]] and [[IDH2]], and encoded by one of five isocitrate dehydrogenase genes, which are ''IDH1'', ''[[IDH2]]'', ''[[IDH3A]]'', ''[[IDH3B]]'', and ''IDH3G''.<ref name=pmid25678837>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dimitrov L, Hong CS, Yang C, Zhuang Z, Heiss JD | title = New developments in the pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting of the IDH1 mutation in glioma | journal = International Journal of Medical Sciences | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 201–13 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25678837 | doi = 10.7150/ijms.11047 | pmc=4323358}}</ref> The genes ''IDH3A'', ''IDH3B'', and ''IDH3G'' encode subunits of IDH3, which is a [[heterotetramer]] composed of two 37-kDa α subunits (IDH3α), one 39-kDa β subunit (IDH3β), and one 39-kDa γ subunit (IDH3γ), each with distinct [[isoelectric point]]s.<ref name=pmid25531325>{{cite journal|last1=Zeng|first1=L|last2=Morinibu|first2=A|last3=Kobayashi|first3=M|last4=Zhu|first4=Y|last5=Wang|first5=X|last6=Goto|first6=Y|last7=Yeom|first7=CJ|last8=Zhao|first8=T|last9=Hirota|first9=K|last10=Shinomiya|first10=K|last11=Itasaka|first11=S|last12=Yoshimura|first12=M|last13=Guo|first13=G|last14=Hammond|first14=EM|last15=Hiraoka|first15=M|last16=Harada|first16=H|title=Aberrant IDH3α expression promotes malignant tumor growth by inducing HIF-1-mediated metabolic reprogramming and angiogenesis.|journal=Oncogene|date=3 September 2015|volume=34|issue=36|pages=4758–66|pmid=25531325|doi=10.1038/onc.2014.411}}</ref><ref name=pmid17432878>{{cite journal|last1=Bzymek|first1=KP|last2=Colman|first2=RF|title=Role of alpha-Asp181, beta-Asp192, and gamma-Asp190 in the distinctive subunits of human NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase.|journal=Biochemistry|date=8 May 2007|volume=46|issue=18|pages=5391–7|pmid=17432878|doi=10.1021/bi700061t}}</ref><ref name=pmid16737955>{{cite journal|last1=Soundar|first1=S|last2=O'hagan|first2=M|last3=Fomulu|first3=KS|last4=Colman|first4=RF|title=Identification of Mn2+-binding aspartates from alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of human NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase.|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|date=28 July 2006|volume=281|issue=30|pages=21073–81|pmid=16737955|doi=10.1074/jbc.m602956200}}</ref> Alignment of their [[amino acid sequence]]s reveals ~40% identity between IDH3α and IDH3β, ~42% identity between IDH3α and IDH3γ, and an even closer identity of 53% between IDH3β and IDH3γ, for an overall 34% identity and 23% similarity across all three subunit types.<ref name=pmid17432878/><ref name=pmid16737955/><ref name=pmid14555658>{{cite journal|last1=Soundar|first1=S|last2=Park|first2=JH|last3=Huh|first3=TL|last4=Colman|first4=RF|title=Evaluation by mutagenesis of the importance of 3 arginines in alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of human NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase.|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|date=26 December 2003|volume=278|issue=52|pages=52146–53|pmid=14555658|doi=10.1074/jbc.m306178200}}</ref><ref name=pmid20435888>{{cite journal|last1=Dange|first1=M|last2=Colman|first2=RF|title=Each conserved active site tyr in the three subunits of human isocitrate dehydrogenase has a different function.|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|date=2 July 2010|volume=285|issue=27|pages=20520–5|pmid=20435888|doi=10.1074/jbc.m110.115386|pmc=2898308}}</ref> Notably, [[Arginine|Arg]]88 in IDH3α is essential for IDH3 catalytic activity, whereas the equivalent Arg99 in IDH3β and Arg97 in IDH3γ are largely involved in the enzyme’s allosteric regulation by ADP and NAD.<ref name=pmid14555658/> Thus, it is possible that these subunits arose from [[gene duplication]] of a common ancestral gene, and the original catalytic Arg [[amino acid|residue]] were adapted to allosteric functions in the β- and γ-subunits.<ref name=pmid17432878/><ref name=pmid14555658/> Likewise, [[Aspartic acid|Asp]]181 in IDH3α is essential for catalysis, while the equivalent Asp192 in IDH3β and Asp190 in IDH3γ enhance NAD- and Mn<sup>2+</sup>-binding.<ref name=pmid17432878/> Since the oxidative decarboxylation catalyzed by IDH3 requires binding of NAD, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, and the [[Substrate (biochemistry)|substrate]] isocitrate, all three subunits participate in the catalytic reaction.<ref name=pmid16737955/><ref name=pmid14555658/> Moreover, studies of the enzyme in pig heart reveal that the αβ and αγ dimers constitute two binding sites for each of its [[ligand]]s, including isocitrate, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, and NAD, in one IDH3 tetramer.<ref name=pmid17432878/><ref name=pmid16737955/>
== Function ==
As an isocitrate dehydrogenase, IDH3 catalyzes the reversible oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to yield [[α-ketoglutarate]] (α-KG) and CO<sub>2</sub> as part of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle|TCA cycle]] in glucose metabolism.<ref name=pmid25531325/><ref name=pmid17432878/><ref name=pmid16737955/><ref name=pmid14555658/><ref name="pmid8833160">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huh TL, Kim YO, Oh IU, Song BJ, Inazawa J | title = Assignment of the human mitochondrial NAD+ -specific isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha subunit (IDH3A) gene to 15q25.1→q25.2by in situ hybridization | journal = Genomics | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 295–6 |date=May 1997 | pmid = 8833160 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1006/geno.1996.0120 }}</ref> This step also allows for the concomitant [[Organic redox reaction|reduction]] of NAD+ to NADH, which is then used to generate [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] through the [[electron transport chain]]. Notably, IDH3 relies on NAD+ as its [[electron acceptor]], as opposed to NADP+ like IDH1 and IDH2.<ref name=pmid25531325/><ref name=pmid17432878/> IDH3 activity is regulated by the energy needs of the cell: when the cell requires energy, IDH3 is activated by ADP; and when energy is no longer required, IDH3 is inhibited by ATP and NADH.<ref name=pmid17432878/><ref name=pmid16737955/> This allosteric regulation allows IDH3 to function as a rate-limiting step in the TCA cycle.<ref name=pmid8833160/><ref name=pmid26782057>{{cite journal|last1=Yoshimi|first1=N|last2=Futamura|first2=T|last3=Bergen|first3=SE|last4=Iwayama|first4=Y|last5=Ishima|first5=T|last6=Sellgren|first6=C|last7=Ekman|first7=CJ|last8=Jakobsson|first8=J|last9=Pålsson|first9=E|last10=Kakumoto|first10=K|last11=Ohgi|first11=Y|last12=Yoshikawa|first12=T|last13=Landén|first13=M|last14=Hashimoto|first14=K|title=Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomics identifies a key role of isocitrate dehydrogenase in bipolar disorder: evidence in support of mitochondrial dysfunction hypothesis.|journal=Molecular Psychiatry|date=19 January 2016|pmid=26782057|doi=10.1038/mp.2015.217}}</ref> Within cells, IDH3 and its subunits have been observed to [[subcellular localization|localize]] to the [[mitochondria]].<ref name=pmid17432878/><ref name=pmid16737955/><ref name=pmid8833160/>
== Clinical Significance ==
The ''IDH3G'' gene may be involved in drug resistance in [[gastric cancer]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhou|first1=J|last2=Yong|first2=WP|last3=Yap|first3=CS|last4=Vijayaraghavan|first4=A|last5=Sinha|first5=RA|last6=Singh|first6=BK|last7=Xiu|first7=S|last8=Manesh|first8=S|last9=Ngo|first9=A|last10=Lim|first10=A|last11=Ang|first11=C|last12=Xie|first12=C|last13=Wong|first13=FY|last14=Lin|first14=SJ|last15=Wan|first15=WK|last16=Tan|first16=IB|last17=Flotow|first17=H|last18=Tan|first18=P|last19=Lim|first19=KH|last20=Yen|first20=PM|last21=Goh|first21=LK|title=An integrative approach identified genes associated with drug response in gastric cancer.|journal=Carcinogenesis|date=April 2015|volume=36|issue=4|pages=441–51|pmid=25742747|doi=10.1093/carcin/bgv014}}</ref>
== Interactive pathway map ==
{{TCACycle_WP78|highlight=IDH3G}}
== See also ==
*[[IDH1]]
*[[IDH2]]
*[[IDH3A]]
*[[IDH3B]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading  
{{PBB_Further_reading  
| citations =  
| citations =  
*{{cite journal | author=Sandoval N, Bauer D, Brenner V, ''et al.'' |title=The genomic organization of a human creatine transporter (CRTR) gene located in Xq28. |journal=Genomics |volume=35 |issue= 2 |pages= 383-5 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8661155 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1996.0373 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Sandoval N, Bauer D, Brenner V, etal |title=The genomic organization of a human creatine transporter (CRTR) gene located in Xq28. |journal=Genomics |volume=35 |issue= 2 |pages= 383–5 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8661155 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1996.0373 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Brenner V, Nyakatura G, Rosenthal A, Platzer M |title=Genomic organization of two novel genes on human Xq28: compact head to head arrangement of IDH gamma and TRAP delta is conserved in rat and mouse. |journal=Genomics |volume=44 |issue= 1 |pages= 8-14 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9286695 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1997.4822 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Kim YO, Koh HJ, Kim SH, etal |title=Identification and functional characterization of a novel, tissue-specific NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase beta subunit isoform. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue= 52 |pages= 36866–75 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10601238 |doi=10.1074/jbc.274.52.36866 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Kim YO, Koh HJ, Kim SH, ''et al.'' |title=Identification and functional characterization of a novel, tissue-specific NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase beta subunit isoform. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue= 52 |pages= 36866-75 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10601238 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Weiss C, Zeng Y, Huang J, etal |title=Bovine NAD+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase: alternative splicing and tissue-dependent expression of subunit 1. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=39 |issue= 7 |pages= 1807–16 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10677231 |doi=10.1021/bi991691i }}
*{{cite journal | author=Weiss C, Zeng Y, Huang J, ''et al.'' |title=Bovine NAD+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase: alternative splicing and tissue-dependent expression of subunit 1. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=39 |issue= 7 |pages= 1807-16 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10677231 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA |title=DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=10 |issue= 11 |pages= 1788–95 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11076863 |doi=10.1101/gr.143000  | pmc=310948 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA |title=DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=10 |issue= 11 |pages= 1788-95 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11076863 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Simpson JC, Wellenreuther R, Poustka A, etal |title=Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing. |journal=EMBO Rep. |volume=1 |issue= 3 |pages= 287–92 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11256614 |doi= 10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058 | pmc=1083732 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Simpson JC, Wellenreuther R, Poustka A, ''et al.'' |title=Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing. |journal=EMBO Rep. |volume=1 |issue= 3 |pages= 287-92 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11256614 |doi= 10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 | pmc=139241 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, etal |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121–7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 | pmc=528928 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, etal |title=From ORFeome to biology: a functional genomics pipeline. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2136–44 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489336 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2576704 | pmc=528930 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, ''et al.'' |title=From ORFeome to biology: a functional genomics pipeline. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2136-44 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489336 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2576704 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, etal |title=Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network. |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue= 7062 |pages= 1173–8 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16189514 |doi= 10.1038/nature04209 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, ''et al.'' |title=Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network. |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue= 7062 |pages= 1173-8 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16189514 |doi= 10.1038/nature04209 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, etal |title=The LIFEdb database in 2006. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=34 |issue= Database issue |pages= D415–8 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16381901 |doi= 10.1093/nar/gkj139 | pmc=1347501 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, ''et al.'' |title=The LIFEdb database in 2006. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=34 |issue= Database issue |pages= D415-8 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16381901 |doi= 10.1093/nar/gkj139 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Soundar S, O'hagan M, Fomulu KS, Colman RF |title=Identification of Mn2+-binding aspartates from alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of human NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=281 |issue= 30 |pages= 21073–81 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16737955 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M602956200 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Soundar S, O'hagan M, Fomulu KS, Colman RF |title=Identification of Mn2+-binding aspartates from alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of human NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=281 |issue= 30 |pages= 21073-81 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16737955 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M602956200 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Bzymek KP, Colman RF |title=Role of alpha-Asp181, beta-Asp192, and gamma-Asp190 in the distinctive subunits of human NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=46 |issue= 18 |pages= 5391–7 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17432878 |doi= 10.1021/bi700061t }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Bzymek KP, Colman RF |title=Role of alpha-Asp181, beta-Asp192, and gamma-Asp190 in the distinctive subunits of human NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=46 |issue= 18 |pages= 5391-7 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17432878 |doi= 10.1021/bi700061t }}
}}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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[[Category:EC 2.7.11]]

Revision as of 12:02, 5 November 2017

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit gamma, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the IDH3G gene.[1][2]

Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as the electron acceptor and the other NADP(+). Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the other predominantly cytosolic. NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the allosterically regulated rate-limiting step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each isozyme is a heterotetramer that is composed of two alpha subunits, one beta subunit, and one gamma subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is the gamma subunit of one isozyme of NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. This gene is a candidate gene for periventricular heterotopia. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but only some of their full length natures have been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008][2]

Structure

IDH3 is one of three isocitrate dehydrogenase isozymes, the other two being IDH1 and IDH2, and encoded by one of five isocitrate dehydrogenase genes, which are IDH1, IDH2, IDH3A, IDH3B, and IDH3G.[3] The genes IDH3A, IDH3B, and IDH3G encode subunits of IDH3, which is a heterotetramer composed of two 37-kDa α subunits (IDH3α), one 39-kDa β subunit (IDH3β), and one 39-kDa γ subunit (IDH3γ), each with distinct isoelectric points.[4][5][6] Alignment of their amino acid sequences reveals ~40% identity between IDH3α and IDH3β, ~42% identity between IDH3α and IDH3γ, and an even closer identity of 53% between IDH3β and IDH3γ, for an overall 34% identity and 23% similarity across all three subunit types.[5][6][7][8] Notably, Arg88 in IDH3α is essential for IDH3 catalytic activity, whereas the equivalent Arg99 in IDH3β and Arg97 in IDH3γ are largely involved in the enzyme’s allosteric regulation by ADP and NAD.[7] Thus, it is possible that these subunits arose from gene duplication of a common ancestral gene, and the original catalytic Arg residue were adapted to allosteric functions in the β- and γ-subunits.[5][7] Likewise, Asp181 in IDH3α is essential for catalysis, while the equivalent Asp192 in IDH3β and Asp190 in IDH3γ enhance NAD- and Mn2+-binding.[5] Since the oxidative decarboxylation catalyzed by IDH3 requires binding of NAD, Mn2+, and the substrate isocitrate, all three subunits participate in the catalytic reaction.[6][7] Moreover, studies of the enzyme in pig heart reveal that the αβ and αγ dimers constitute two binding sites for each of its ligands, including isocitrate, Mn2+, and NAD, in one IDH3 tetramer.[5][6]

Function

As an isocitrate dehydrogenase, IDH3 catalyzes the reversible oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to yield α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and CO2 as part of the TCA cycle in glucose metabolism.[4][5][6][7][9] This step also allows for the concomitant reduction of NAD+ to NADH, which is then used to generate ATP through the electron transport chain. Notably, IDH3 relies on NAD+ as its electron acceptor, as opposed to NADP+ like IDH1 and IDH2.[4][5] IDH3 activity is regulated by the energy needs of the cell: when the cell requires energy, IDH3 is activated by ADP; and when energy is no longer required, IDH3 is inhibited by ATP and NADH.[5][6] This allosteric regulation allows IDH3 to function as a rate-limiting step in the TCA cycle.[9][10] Within cells, IDH3 and its subunits have been observed to localize to the mitochondria.[5][6][9]

Clinical Significance

The IDH3G gene may be involved in drug resistance in gastric cancer.[11]

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [§ 1]

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TCA Cycle edit
  1. ↑ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "TCACycle_WP78".

See also

References

  1. ↑ Brenner V, Nyakatura G, Rosenthal A, Platzer M (November 1997). "Genomic organization of two novel genes on human Xq28: compact head to head arrangement of IDH gamma and TRAP delta is conserved in rat and mouse". Genomics. 44 (1): 8–14. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4822. PMID 9286695.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: IDH3G isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) gamma".
  3. ↑ Dimitrov L, Hong CS, Yang C, Zhuang Z, Heiss JD (2015). "New developments in the pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting of the IDH1 mutation in glioma". International Journal of Medical Sciences. 12 (3): 201–13. doi:10.7150/ijms.11047. PMC 4323358. PMID 25678837.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Zeng, L; Morinibu, A; Kobayashi, M; Zhu, Y; Wang, X; Goto, Y; Yeom, CJ; Zhao, T; Hirota, K; Shinomiya, K; Itasaka, S; Yoshimura, M; Guo, G; Hammond, EM; Hiraoka, M; Harada, H (3 September 2015). "Aberrant IDH3α expression promotes malignant tumor growth by inducing HIF-1-mediated metabolic reprogramming and angiogenesis". Oncogene. 34 (36): 4758–66. doi:10.1038/onc.2014.411. PMID 25531325.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Bzymek, KP; Colman, RF (8 May 2007). "Role of alpha-Asp181, beta-Asp192, and gamma-Asp190 in the distinctive subunits of human NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase". Biochemistry. 46 (18): 5391–7. doi:10.1021/bi700061t. PMID 17432878.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Soundar, S; O'hagan, M; Fomulu, KS; Colman, RF (28 July 2006). "Identification of Mn2+-binding aspartates from alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of human NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (30): 21073–81. doi:10.1074/jbc.m602956200. PMID 16737955.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Soundar, S; Park, JH; Huh, TL; Colman, RF (26 December 2003). "Evaluation by mutagenesis of the importance of 3 arginines in alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of human NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (52): 52146–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.m306178200. PMID 14555658.
  8. ↑ Dange, M; Colman, RF (2 July 2010). "Each conserved active site tyr in the three subunits of human isocitrate dehydrogenase has a different function". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (27): 20520–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.115386. PMC 2898308. PMID 20435888.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Huh TL, Kim YO, Oh IU, Song BJ, Inazawa J (May 1997). "Assignment of the human mitochondrial NAD+ -specific isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha subunit (IDH3A) gene to 15q25.1→q25.2by in situ hybridization". Genomics. 32 (2): 295–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0120. PMID 8833160.
  10. ↑ Yoshimi, N; Futamura, T; Bergen, SE; Iwayama, Y; Ishima, T; Sellgren, C; Ekman, CJ; Jakobsson, J; Pålsson, E; Kakumoto, K; Ohgi, Y; Yoshikawa, T; Landén, M; Hashimoto, K (19 January 2016). "Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomics identifies a key role of isocitrate dehydrogenase in bipolar disorder: evidence in support of mitochondrial dysfunction hypothesis". Molecular Psychiatry. doi:10.1038/mp.2015.217. PMID 26782057.
  11. ↑ Zhou, J; Yong, WP; Yap, CS; Vijayaraghavan, A; Sinha, RA; Singh, BK; Xiu, S; Manesh, S; Ngo, A; Lim, A; Ang, C; Xie, C; Wong, FY; Lin, SJ; Wan, WK; Tan, IB; Flotow, H; Tan, P; Lim, KH; Yen, PM; Goh, LK (April 2015). "An integrative approach identified genes associated with drug response in gastric cancer". Carcinogenesis. 36 (4): 441–51. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgv014. PMID 25742747.

Further reading


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