Chronic renal failure causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; {AE}} Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [2]

Causes

Common Causes

The most common causes of CRF are diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Together, these cause approximately 75% of all adult cases. Certain geographic areas have a high incidence of HIV nephropathy.

Historically, kidney disease has been classified according to the part of the renal anatomy that is involved, as:

• Vascular, includes large vessel disease such as bilateral renal artery stenosis and small vessel disease such as ischemic nephropathy, hemolytic-uremic syndrome and vasculitis
• Glomerular, comprising a diverse group and subclassified into
  • Primary Glomerular disease such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and IgA nephropathy
  • Secondary Glomerular disease such as diabetic nephropathy and lupus nephritis
• Tubulointerstitial including polycystic kidney disease, drug and toxin-induced chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis andreflux nephropathy
• Obstructive such as with bilateral kidney stones and diseases of the prostate

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Malignant hypertension, Systemic hypertension
Chemical / poisoning	Arsenic, Bismuth, Mercury, Lead, Nitrosourea compounds, Pentamidine, Radiocontrast agents
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Acetominophen, Acyclovir , Allopurinol, Aminoglycosides, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, Anticoagulants, Aspirin, bevacizumab, Bismuth, Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Carbon tetrachloride, Carmustine, Celecoxib, Chloroquine, Cimetidine, Cocaine, Cyclosporine, Erythromycin,Esomeprazole , Foscarnet, Fenofibrate, Furosemide, Gentamicin, Gemfibrozil, Hydroxychloroquine,Ibuprofen, Indinavir, Infliximab , Ifosphamide, Isoniazid, Lansoprazole , Laxatives, Lithium,Lomustine, Methicillin, Mitomycin C, Mesalamine, Naproxen, Interferons, Omeprazole , Pamidronate,Pantoprazole , Penicillin-like drugs, Phenytoin , Propylthiouracil, Quinine, Rabeprazole, Rifampicin,Sickle cell disease , Sulfa-containing antibiotics, Sulfonamides, Tacrolimus, Tenofovir, Thiazides,Trimethadione , Vancomycin
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	Alport's syndrome, Balkan endemic nephropathy, Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, Alström syndrome, Barakat syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Fabry's Disease, Hereditary Nephritis, Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Loken Senior syndrome, Lowe syndrome, Nail-Patella Syndrome,Papillorenal syndrome, Polycystic kidney disease, Townes-Brocks syndrome, X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1,Vesicoureteral reflux, X-linked hypophosphatemia
Hematologic	Acute intermittent porphyria, Light chain disease, Myeloma, Normocytic normochromic anemia, Renal vein thrombosis, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Chronic pyelonephritis, Schistosoma haematobium, Tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Idiopathic multicentric osteolysis
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	Calcium phosphate deposition, cystinosis, Diabetic nephropathy, Fabry's disease, Hyperkalemia,Hyperlipidemia, Hyperoxaluria, Hyperphosphatemia, Metabolic acidosis, Oxalosis, X-linked hypophosphatemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Metastatic prostate cancer
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Goodpasture’s syndrome
Renal / Electrolyte	Analgesic nephropathy, Alport's syndrome, Balkan endemic nephropathy, Chronic Glomerulonephritis,Chronic Pyelonephritis, Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome, Diabetic nephropathy, Goodpasture’s syndrome, Focal glomerulosclerosis, Glomerulosclerosis, Hypertensive nephrosclerosis , Hereditary Nephritis, IgA nephropathy,Interstitial Nephritis, Lupus nephritis, Papillorenal syndrome, Polycystic kidney disease,Medullary cystic kidney disease, Medullary sponge kidney, Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis, Membranous nephritis, Nephrolithiasis,Nephrosclerosis, Obstructive uropathy, Proteinuria, Reflux nephropathy, Renal artery stenosis, Type IV renal tubular acidosis, Vesicoureteral reflux, Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Goodpasture’s syndrome, Lupus nephritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Scleroderma, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic sclerosis, Vasculitis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual	Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Denys-Drash syndrome, Metastatic prostate cancer
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	Obstructive uropathy, Reflux nephropathy, Hydronephrosis
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Amyloidosis, Chronic inflammation, Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Acetominophen Acute intermittent porphyria Acyclovir Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency Allopurinol Alport's syndrome Alström syndrome Aminoglycosides Amyloidosis Analgesic nephropathy Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Anticoagulants Aspirin Balkan endemic nephropathy Barakat syndrome Bardet-Biedl syndrome Benign prostatic hyperplasia Bevacizumab Bismuth Calcium phosphate deposition Carbon tetrachloride Carboplatin Carmustine Celecoxib Chloroquine Chronic Glomerulonephritis Chronic inflammation Chronic Pyelonephritis Cimetidine Cisplatin Cocaine Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome Cyclosporine Cystinosis Denys-Drash syndrome Diabetic nephropathy Erythromycin Esomeprazole Fabry's Disease Fenofibrate Furosemide Focal glomerulosclerosis Foscarnet Gemfibrozil Gentamicin Glomerulosclerosis Goodpasture’s syndrome Hemolytic uremic syndrome Hereditary Nephritis Hydroxychloroquine Hyperkalemia Hyperlipidemia Hyperoxaluria Hyperphosphatemia Hypertensive nephrosclerosis Ibuprofen Idiopathic multicentric osteolysis IgA nephropathy Indinavir Infliximab Interstitial Nephritis Ifosphamide Isoniazid Jeune's thoracic dystrophy syndrome Lansoprazole Laxatives Lead Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Light chain disease Lithium

Loken Senior syndrome Lomustine Lowe syndrome Lupus nephritis Malignant hypertension Medullary cystic kidney disease Medullary sponge kidney Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Membranous nephritis Metabolic acidosis Metastatic prostate cancer Methicillin Mesalamine Mitomycin C Myeloma Nail-Patella Syndrome Naproxen Nephrolithiasis Nephrosclerosis Nitrosourea compounds Normocytic normochromic anemia Interferons Obstructive uropathy Omeprazole Oxalosis Pamidronate Pantoprazole Papillorenal syndrome Penicillin-like drugs Pentamidine Phenytoin Polycystic kidney disease Propylthiouracil Proteinuria Quinine Rabeprazole Radiocontrast agents Reflux nephropathy Renal artery stenosis Renal vein thrombosis Rheumatoid arthritis Rifampicin Schistosoma haematobium Scleroderma Sickle cell disease Sulfa-containing antibiotics Sulfonamides Systemic hypertension Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Systemic sclerosis Tacrolimus Tenofovir Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Thiazides Townes-Brocks syndrome Trimethadione Tuberculosis Type IV renal tubular acidosis Vancomycin Vasculitis Vesicoureteral reflux Wegener's granulomatosis Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis X-linked hypophosphatemia X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1