Chronic renal failure physical examination

Chronic renal failure Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Chronic renal failure from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X Ray
CT
MRI
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Chronic renal failure physical examination On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Chronic renal failure physical examination All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Chronic renal failure physical examination
CDC on Chronic renal failure physical examination
Chronic renal failure physical examination in the news
Blogs on Chronic renal failure physical examination
Directions to Hospitals Treating Chronic renal failure
Risk calculators and risk factors for Chronic renal failure physical examination

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Chronic renal failure causes disturbances in not only the filtration function of the kidney, but also on normal functioning of virtually every organ in the body.

Signs

	Improves with optimal program of dialysis and related therapy	Persists or worsens after optimal program of dialysis and related therapy	Develops only after initiation of dialysis therapy
Fluid and Electrolytes	Volume expansion, Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia, Hyperphosphatemia
Endocrine-Metabolic disturbances	Secondary hyperparathyroidism, Vitamin-D deficient osteomalacia, Carbohydrate resistance, Hyperuricemia, Hypertriglyceridemia, Protein energy malnutrition, Amenorrhea	Secondary hyperparathyroidism, Hyperuricemia, Hypertriglyceridemia, Increased lipoprotein A levels, Decreased HDL levels, Protein energy malnutrition, Impaired growth and development, Infertility and sexual dysfunction, Amenorrhea, Beta 2 microglobulin associated amyloidosis	Adynamic bone, Beta 2 microglobulin associated amyloidosis
Neuromuscular disturbances	Fatigue, Impaired mentation, Lethargy, Asterixis, Peripheral neuropathy, Restless leg syndrome, Myoclonus, Seizures, Coma	Sleep disorders, Headache, Peripheral neuropathy, Restless leg syndrome, Seizures, Muscle cramps, Myopathy	Muscle cramps, Myopathy
Cardiovacsular and Pulmonary	Systemic hypertension, Congestive heart failure, Pulmonary edema, Pericarditis, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Dilated cardiopathy, Uremic lung	Systemic hypertension, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Dilated cardiomyopathy, Accelerated atherosclerosis	Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Dilated cardiomyopathy, Accelerated atherosclerosis, Hypotension and arrhythmias
Dermatology	Pallor, Hyperpigmentation, Ecchymoses, Uremic frost	Pruritis, Hyperpigmentation	Hyperpigmentation, Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy
Gastro-intestinal disturbances	Anorexia, Nausea and vomiting, Gastroenteritis, Peptic ulcer, Gastrointestinal bleeding	Peptic ulcer, Gastrointestinal bleeding	Gastrointestinal bleeding, Idiopathic ascites, Peritonitis
Hematologic and immunologic disturbances	Anemia, Bleeding diathesis, Increased susceptibility to infections	Lymphocytopenia, Increased susceptibility to infections	Bleeding diathesis, Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia