Transitional cell carcinoma risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Risk Factors

• Cigarette smoking. Smoking greatly increases the risk of developing bladder cancer. Up to half of all bladder cancers in men and several in women may be caused by cigarette smoke.
• Chemical exposure at work. About one in four cases of bladder cancer is caused by coming into contact with to cancer-causing chemicals at work. These chemicals are called carcinogens. Dye workers, rubber workers, aluminum workers, leather workers, truck drivers, and pesticide applicators are at the highest risk.
• Chemotherapy: The chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) may increase the risk of bladder cancer.
• Radiation treatment: Women who had radiation therapy to treat cervical cancer have an increased risk of developing bladder cancer.
• Bladder infection: A long-term (chronic) bladder infection or irritation may lead to a certain type of bladder cancer.

Some research has suggested a link between artificial sweeteners and bladder cancer. The evidence is weak.

• Smoking
• Occupational exposure to chemicals

• Textiles
• Rubber
• Paint
• Leather
• Dye
• Print
• Metal
• Machining
• Plastics
• Transportation

• Chronic bladder irritation

• Inflammation

• Chronic urinary tract infection
• Bladder stones
• Schistosoma haematobium

• Trauma

• Chemotherapy

• Cyclophosphamide
• Ifosfamide

• Radiation therapy
• Arsenic
• Personal history of cancer in the urinary tract
• Congenital bladder anomalies

• Urachus
• Exstrophy

• Aristolochic acids