Transitional cell carcinoma risk factors

Transitional cell carcinoma Microchapters
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Transitional cell carcinoma risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Risk Factors

• Smoking
• Occupational exposure to chemicals

• Textiles
• Rubber
• Paint
• Leather
• Dye
• Print
• Metal
• Machining
• Plastics
• Transportation

• Chronic bladder irritation

• Inflammation

• Chronic urinary tract infection
• Bladder stones
• Schistosoma haematobium

• Trauma

• Chemotherapy

• Cyclophosphamide
• Ifosfamide

• Radiation therapy
• Arsenic
• Personal history of cancer in the urinary tract
• Congenital bladder anomalies

• Urachus
• Exstrophy

• Aristolochic acids