Spina bifida risk factors

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Risk calculators and risk factors for Spina bifida risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]

Risk Factors

1. Maternal nutrition factors:

Alcohol use

Caffeine use

Low folate intake

Low dietary quality

Elevated glycaemic load or index

Low methionine intake

Low serum choline level

Low serum vitamin B12 level

Low vitamin C level

Low zinc intake

Smoking

Hyperthermia

Low socio-economic status

Maternal infections and illnesses

Pregestational insulin-dependent diabetes

Pregestational obesity

Psychosocial stress

Valproic acid use

2. Environmental factors

Ambient air pollution215,216

Disinfectant by-products in drinking water217

Indoor air pollution218

Nitrate-related compounds219

Organic solvents220

Pesticides221,222

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons223 There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Common Risk Factors

• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
  • [Risk factor 1]
  • [Risk factor 2]
  • [Risk factor 3]

Less Common Risk Factors

• Less common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
  • [Risk factor 1]
  • [Risk factor 2]
  • [Risk factor 3]