Spina bifida risk factors

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Risk calculators and risk factors for Spina bifida risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]

Risk Factors

1. Maternal nutrition factors:

• Alcohol use
• Caffeine use
• Low folate intake
• Low dietary quality
• Elevated glycaemic load or index
• Low methionine intake
• Low serum choline level
• Low serum vitamin B12 level
• Low vitamin C level
• Low zinc intake
• Smoking
• Hyperthermia
• Low socio-economic status
• Maternal infections and illnesses
• Pregestational insulin-dependent diabetes
• Pregestational obesity
• Psychosocial stress
• Valproic acid use

2. Environmental factors

• Ambient air pollution
• Disinfectant by-products in drinking water
• Indoor air pollution
• Nitrate-related compounds
• Organic solvents
• Pesticides
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Common Risk Factors

• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
  • [Risk factor 1]
  • [Risk factor 2]
  • [Risk factor 3]

Less Common Risk Factors

• Less common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
  • [Risk factor 1]
  • [Risk factor 2]
  • [Risk factor 3]