Dextrocardia pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
OR
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
OR
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Pathophysiology
Embryology
The normal physiology of [name of process] can be understood as follows:
Pathogenesis
- Dextrocardia is a cardiac anomaly in which the major axis of the heart from base to apex points to the right side, in contrast to the normal orientation of the heart where the apex points to the left side. The term dextrocardia outlines the position of the cardiac axis only and not the chamber organisation and structural anatomy of the heart.[1][2]
- The malposition is not as a result of any extracardiac abnormalities but intrinsic to the heart. It is as a result of embryological abnormalities that occur during the development of the heart.[3]
- Dextrocardia with a normal abdominal situs has a 90 to 95% chance of associated congenital cardiac anomalies including atrial septal defect, transposition of the great vessels, and ventricular septal defect. It has a lower incidence (0 to 10%) in the presence of situs inversus.[4]
Genetics
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of dextrocrdia include:[5]
- ZIC3
- ACVR2B
- NODAL
Associated Conditions
Conditions associated with [disease name] include:[6][7][1][3]
- Tricuspid atresia
- Transposition of the great vessels
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Double-outlet double-inlet ventricle
- Single ventricle
- Sick sinus syndrome
- Situs inversus
- Situs solitus
- Situs ambiguous
- Kartagener syndrome
- Double-outlet or double-inlet ventricles
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ogunlade O, Ayoka AO, Akomolafe RO, Akinsomisoye OS, Irinoye AI, Ajao A; et al. (2015). "The role of electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of dextrocardia with mirror image atrial arrangement and ventricular position in a young adult Nigerian in Ile-Ife: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 9: 222. doi:10.1186/s13256-015-0695-4. PMC 4584464. PMID 26411880.
- ↑ Bernasconi A, Azancot A, Simpson JM, Jones A, Sharland GK (2005). "Fetal dextrocardia: diagnosis and outcome in two tertiary centres". Heart. 91 (12): 1590–4. doi:10.1136/hrt.2004.048330. PMC 1769217. PMID 16287744.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Maldjian, Pierre D.; Saric, Muhamed (2007). "Approach to Dextrocardia in Adults:Review". American Journal of Roentgenology. 188 (6_supplement): S39–S49. doi:10.2214/AJR.06.1179. ISSN 0361-803X.
- ↑ Kumar, Abnish; Singh, Manoj Kumar; Yadav, Neeraj (2014). "Dextrocardia and asplenia in situs inversus totalis in a baby: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 8 (1). doi:10.1186/1752-1947-8-408. ISSN 1752-1947.
- ↑ Fahed, Akl C.; Gelb, Bruce D.; Seidman, J. G.; Seidman, Christine E. (2013). "Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease". Circulation Research. 112 (4): 707–720. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.300853. ISSN 0009-7330.
- ↑ Khoury M, Harbieh B, Heriopian A (2013). "Isolated dextrocardia and congenital heart blocking". Radiol Case Rep. 8 (1): 521. doi:10.2484/rcr.v8i1.521. PMC 4900208. PMID 27330607.
- ↑ Panneerselvam A, Subbiahnadar P (2012). "Is it dextrocardia or dextroversion?". BMJ Case Rep. 2012. doi:10.1136/bcr.01.2012.5493. PMC 3316784. PMID 22605582.