Autoimmune retinopathy pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: M. Hassan, M.B.B.S
Overview
Pathophysiology
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is an autoimmune retinal degenerative disease caused by serum autoantibodies cross reacting against the retinal, and retinal like antigens. There are a significant number of anti-retinal antibodies that are associated with AIR, these include antibodies to Anti-recoverin, anti-alpha-enolase, anti-transducin, anti-CAII, anti-arrestin, anti-rhodopsin, anti-Muller glial cells, anti-mitofilin, anti-tintin, anti-COX. However, seronegative disease is also common. Paraneopastic autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is triggered by molecular mimicry between tumor antigens and retinal proteins, and non-paraneoplastic AIR is triggered by cross reactivity between the viral or bacterial proteins and retinal proteins. Both recoverin and α-enolase cause apoptosis of the retinal cells by cellular internalization via cascade pathways and intracellular calcium influx. AIR has been observed in patients with a history of autoimmune diseases and neoplastic diseases i.e melanoma.