ACTA2

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External IDs	GeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	n/a	n/a
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UniProt	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	n/a	n/a
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Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Alpha-actin-2 also known as actin, aortic smooth muscle or alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, SMactin, alpha-SM-actin, ASMA) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTA2 gene located on 10q22-q24.

Actin alpha 2, the human aortic smooth muscle actin gene, is one of six different actin isoforms which have been identified. Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in cell motility, structure and integrity. Alpha actins are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus. Mutations in this gene cause a variety of vascular diseases, such as thoracic aortic disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, Moyamoya disease, and multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome.

Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) is commonly used as a marker of myofibroblast formation (Nagamoto et al., 2000).

Further reading

• Snásel J, Pichová I (1997). "The cleavage of host cell proteins by HIV-1 protease". Folia Biol. (Praha). 42 (5): 227–30. doi:10.1007/BF02818986. PMID 8997639.
• Adams LD, Tomasselli AG, Robbins P, et al. (1992). "HIV-1 protease cleaves actin during acute infection of human T-lymphocytes". AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 8 (2): 291–5. doi:10.1089/aid.1992.8.291. PMID 1540415.
• Harris DE, Warshaw DM, Periasamy M (1992). "Nucleotide sequences of the rabbit alpha-smooth-muscle and beta-non-muscle actin mRNAs". Gene. 112 (2): 265–6. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(92)90388-6. PMID 1555776.
• Tomasselli AG, Hui JO, Adams L, et al. (1991). "Actin, troponin C, Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein and pro-interleukin 1 beta as substrates of the protease from human immunodeficiency virus". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (22): 14548–53. PMID 1907279.
• Jahoda CA, Reynolds AJ, Chaponnier C, et al. (1991). "Smooth muscle alpha-actin is a marker for hair follicle dermis in vivo and in vitro". J. Cell Sci. 99 (3): 627–36. PMID 1939373.
• Ueyama H, Ohsugi R (1990). "TaqI polymorphism in the 3′ flanking region of the human aortic smooth muscle actin gene". Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (5): 1318. doi:10.1093/nar/18.5.1318. PMC 330483. PMID 1969628.
• Shoeman RL, Kesselmier C, Mothes E, et al. (1991). "Non-viral cellular substrates for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease". FEBS Lett. 278 (2): 199–203. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)80116-K. PMID 1991513.
• Nakano Y, Nishihara T, Sasayama S, et al. (1991). "Transcriptional regulatory elements in the 5' upstream and first intron regions of the human smooth muscle (aortic type) alpha-actin-encoding gene". Gene. 99 (2): 285–9. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(91)90140-7. PMID 2022339.
• Reddy S, Ozgur K, Lu M, et al. (1990). "Structure of the human smooth muscle alpha-actin gene. Analysis of a cDNA and 5' upstream region". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (3): 1683–7. PMID 2295650.
• Kamada S, Nakano Y, Kakunaga T (1990). "Structure of 3'-downstream segment of the human smooth muscle (aortic-type) alpha-actin-encoding gene and isolation of the specific DNA probe". Gene. 84 (2): 455–62. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(89)90520-9. PMID 2612915.
• Kamada S, Kakunaga T (1989). "The nucleotide sequence of a human smooth muscle alpha-actin (aortic type) cDNA". Nucleic Acids Res. 17 (4): 1767. doi:10.1093/nar/17.4.1767. PMC 331843. PMID 2701935.
• Kedes L, Ng SY, Lin CS, et al. (1986). "The human beta-actin multigene family". Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. 98: 42–6. PMID 3842206.
• Ueyama H, Hamada H, Battula N, Kakunaga T (1984). "Structure of a human smooth muscle actin gene (aortic type) with a unique intron site". Mol. Cell. Biol. 4 (6): 1073–8. PMC 368875. PMID 6330528.
• Strauch AR, Rubenstein PA (1984). "A vascular smooth muscle alpha-isoactin biosynthetic intermediate in BC3H1 cells. Identification of acetylcysteine at the NH2 terminus". J. Biol. Chem. 259 (11): 7224–9. PMID 6725286.
• Ueyama H, Inazawa J, Ariyama T, et al. (1995). "Reexamination of chromosomal loci of human muscle actin genes by fluorescence in situ hybridization". Jpn. J. Hum. Genet. 40 (1): 145–8. doi:10.1007/BF01874078. PMID 7780165.
• Arora PD, McCulloch CA (1994). "Dependence of collagen remodelling on alpha-smooth muscle actin expression by fibroblasts". J. Cell. Physiol. 159 (1): 161–75. doi:10.1002/jcp.1041590120. PMID 8138584.
• Iwata Y, Pan Y, Yoshida T, et al. (1998). "Alpha1-syntrophin has distinct binding sites for actin and calmodulin". FEBS Lett. 423 (2): 173–7. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00085-4. PMID 9512352.
• Comer KA, Dennis PA, Armstrong L, et al. (1998). "Human smooth muscle alpha-actin gene is a transcriptional target of the p53 tumor suppressor protein". Oncogene. 16 (10): 1299–308. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201645. PMID 9546431.

External links

• GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Aortic Dissections
• Human ACTA2 genome location and ACTA2 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.