Eukaryotic release factors

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Species	Human	Mouse
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Eukaryotic translation termination factor 1 (eRF1), also known asTB3-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ETF1 gene.

In eukaryotes, this is the only release factor (eRF) which recognizes all three stop codons. The overall process of termination is similar in prokaryotes, but in the latter 3 separate release factors exist, RF1, RF2 and RF3.

Function

Termination of protein biosynthesis and release of the nascent polypeptide chain are signaled by the presence of an in-frame stop codon at the aminoacyl site of the ribosome. The process of translation termination is universal and is mediated by protein release factors (RFs) and GTP. A class 1 RF recognizes the stop codon and promotes the hydrolysis of the ester bond linking the polypeptide chain with the peptidyl site tRNA, a reaction catalyzed at the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome. Class 2 RFs, which are not codon specific and do not recognize codons, stimulate class 1 RF activity and confer GTP dependency upon the process. In prokaryotes, both class 1 RFs, RF1 and RF2, recognize UAA; however, UAG and UGA are decoded specifically by RF1 and RF2, respectively. In eukaryotes, eRF1, or ETF1, the functional counterpart of RF1 and RF2, functions as an omnipotent RF, decoding all 3 stop codons.

Further reading

• Kashima I, Yamashita A, Izumi N, Kataoka N, Morishita R, Hoshino S, Ohno M, Dreyfuss G, Ohno S (2006). "Binding of a novel SMG-1-Upf1-eRF1-eRF3 complex (SURF) to the exon junction complex triggers Upf1 phosphorylation and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay". Genes Dev. 20 (3): 355–67. doi:10.1101/gad.1389006. PMC 1361706. PMID 16452507.
• Chavatte L, Seit-Nebi A, Dubovaya V, Favre A (2002). "The invariant uridine of stop codons contacts the conserved NIKSR loop of human eRF1 in the ribosome". EMBO J. 21 (19): 5302–11. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf484. PMC 129024. PMID 12356746.
• Janzen DM, Geballe AP (2004). "The effect of eukaryotic release factor depletion on translation termination in human cell lines". Nucleic Acids Res. 32 (15): 4491–502. doi:10.1093/nar/gkh791. PMC 516063. PMID 15326224.
• Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514.
• Ivanova EV, Alkalaeva EZ, Birsdall B, Kolosov PM, Pol'shakov VI, Kiselev LL (2008). "[Interface of the interaction of the middle domain of human translation termination factor eRF1 with eukaryotic ribosomes]". Mol. Biol. (Mosk.). 42 (6): 1056–66. PMID 19140327.
• Hauryliuk V, Zavialov A, Kisselev L, Ehrenberg M (2006). "Class-1 release factor eRF1 promotes GTP binding by class-2 release factor eRF3". Biochimie. 88 (7): 747–57. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2006.06.001. PMID 16797113.
• Inge-Vechtomov S, Zhouravleva G, Philippe M (2003). "Eukaryotic release factors (eRFs) history". Biol. Cell. 95 (3–4): 195–209. doi:10.1016/S0248-4900(03)00035-2. PMID 12867083.
• Andér M, Aqvist J (2009). "Does glutamine methylation affect the intrinsic conformation of the universally conserved GGQ motif in ribosomal release factors?". Biochemistry. 48 (15): 3483–9. doi:10.1021/bi900117r. PMID 19265422.
• Kobayashi Y, Zhuang J, Peltz S, Dougherty J (2010). "Identification of a cellular factor that modulates HIV-1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting". J. Biol. Chem. 285 (26): 19776–84. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.085621. PMC 2888388. PMID 20418372.
• Sowa ME, Bennett EJ, Gygi SP, Harper JW (2009). "Defining the human deubiquitinating enzyme interaction landscape". Cell. 138 (2): 389–403. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.042. PMC 2716422. PMID 19615732.
• Ilegems E, Pick HM, Vogel H (2004). "Downregulation of eRF1 by RNA interference increases mis-acylated tRNA suppression efficiency in human cells". Protein Eng. Des. Sel. 17 (12): 821–7. doi:10.1093/protein/gzh096. PMID 15716307.
• Kolosov P, Frolova L, Seit-Nebi A, Dubovaya V, Kononenko A, Oparina N, Justesen J, Efimov A, Kisselev L (2005). "Invariant amino acids essential for decoding function of polypeptide release factor eRF1". Nucleic Acids Res. 33 (19): 6418–25. doi:10.1093/nar/gki927. PMC 1283522. PMID 16282590.
• Andersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK, Ong SE, Lyon CE, Lamond AI, Mann M (2005). "Nucleolar proteome dynamics". Nature. 433 (7021): 77–83. doi:10.1038/nature03207. PMID 15635413.
• Figaro S, Scrima N, Buckingham RH, Heurgué-Hamard V (2008). "HemK2 protein, encoded on human chromosome 21, methylates translation termination factor eRF1". FEBS Lett. 582 (16): 2352–6. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2008.05.045. PMID 18539146.
• Chavatte L, Frolova L, Laugâa P, Kisselev L, Favre A (2003). "Stop codons and UGG promote efficient binding of the polypeptide release factor eRF1 to the ribosomal A site". J. Mol. Biol. 331 (4): 745–58. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00813-1. PMID 12909007.
• Bohnsack MT, Regener K, Schwappach B, Saffrich R, Paraskeva E, Hartmann E, Görlich D (2002). "Exp5 exports eEF1A via tRNA from nuclei and synergizes with other transport pathways to confine translation to the cytoplasm". EMBO J. 21 (22): 6205–15. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf613. PMC 137205. PMID 12426392.
• Gevaert K, Goethals M, Martens L, Van Damme J, Staes A, Thomas GR, Vandekerckhove J (2003). "Exploring proteomes and analyzing protein processing by mass spectrometric identification of sorted N-terminal peptides". Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (5): 566–9. doi:10.1038/nbt810. PMID 12665801.
• Funakoshi Y, Doi Y, Hosoda N, Uchida N, Osawa M, Shimada I, Tsujimoto M, Suzuki T, Katada T, Hoshino S (2007). "Mechanism of mRNA deadenylation: evidence for a molecular interplay between translation termination factor eRF3 and mRNA deadenylases". Genes Dev. 21 (23): 3135–48. doi:10.1101/gad.1597707. PMC 2081979. PMID 18056425.
• Ivanova EV, Kolosov PM, Birdsall B, Kelly G, Pastore A, Kisselev LL, Polshakov VI (2007). "Eukaryotic class-1 translation termination factor eRF1: the NMR structure of the middle domain involved in triggering ribosome-dependent peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis". FEBS Journal. 274 (16): 4223–37. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05949.x. PMID 17651434.
• Mantsyzov AB, Ivanova EV, Birdsall B, Alkalaeva EZ, Kryuchkova PN, Kelly G, Frolova LY, Polshakov VI (2010). "NMR Solution Structure and Function of the C-terminal Domain of Eukaryotic Polypeptide Release Factor eRF1". FEBS Journal. 277 (12): 2611–27. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07672.x. PMC 2984548. PMID 20553496.

External links

• Termination+Release+Factor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.