Transitional cell carcinoma risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of transitional cell carcinoma are smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, chronic bladder irritation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, arsenic, personal history of cancer in the urinary tract, congenital bladder anomalies, and aristolochic acids.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of transitional cell carcinoma are:[1][2]
- Smoking
- Smoking tobacco is the strongest risk factor for developing cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter.
- Risk increases with the length of time a person smokes and with the number of cigarettes smoked.
- Phenacetin
- Human papilloma virus
- Balkan nephropathy
- Occupational exposure to chemicals
- Textiles
- Rubber
- Paint
- Leather
- Dye
- Metal
- Machining
- Plastics
- Transportation
- Chronic bladder irritation
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- Trauma
- Radiation therapy
- Arsenic
- Personal history of cancer in the urinary tract
- Congenital bladder anomalies
- Urachus
- Exstrophy
- Aristolochic acids
References
- ↑ Risk factors for bladder cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks/?region=ab Accessed on February 10, 2016
- ↑ Kirkali, Ziya; Tuzel, Emre (2003). "Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 47 (2): 155–169. doi:10.1016/S1040-8428(03)00079-9. ISSN 1040-8428.