Transitional cell carcinoma staging
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Transitional cell carcinoma Microchapters |
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Differentiating Transitional cell carcinoma from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Transitional cell carcinoma staging On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Transitional cell carcinoma staging |
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Directions to Hospitals Treating Transitional cell carcinoma |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Transitional cell carcinoma staging |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Staging
- Clinical staging is based on a combination of radiographic procedures (e.g., intravenous pyelogram and computed tomographic scans) and, more recently, ureteroscopy and biopsy.
- The advent of rigid and flexible ureteroscopic techniques has permitted endoscopic access to the ureter and renal pelvis.
- This may permit greater accuracy in preoperative definition of the stage and grade of an upper tract neoplasm.
- Because of the inaccessibility of ureteral and pelvic anatomy, accurate staging requires pathologic analysis of the surgically excised specimen.
- The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has designated staging by TNM classification to define carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter.
T: Primary Tumor
| T | Description |
|---|---|
| TX | Primary tumor cannot be assessed |
| T0 | No evidence of primary tumor |
| Ta | Papillary noninvasive carcinoma |
| Tis | Carcinoma in situ |
| T1 | Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue |
| T2 | Tumor invades the muscularis |
| T3 | (For renal pelvis only) Tumor invades beyond muscularis into peripelvic fat or the renal parenchyma T3. (For ureter only) Tumor invades beyond muscularis into periureteric fat |
| T4 | Tumor invades adjacent organs, or through the kidney into the perinephric fat |
N:Regional Lymph Nodes
| N | Description |
|---|---|
| NX | Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed |
| N0 | No regional lymph node metastasis |
| N1 | Metastasis in a single lymph node, ≤2 cm in greatest dimension |
| N2 | Metastasis in a single lymph node, >2 cm but not >5 cm in greatest dimension; or multiple lymph nodes, none >5 cm in greatest dimension |
| N3 | Metastasis in a lymph node, >5 cm in greatest dimension |
M: Distant Metastasis
| T | Description |
| M0 | There is no evidence of distant metastasis |
| M1 | There is evidence of distant metastasis |
TNM Classification
| Stage | T | N | M |
| Stage 0a | Ta | N0 | M0 |
| Stage 0is | Tis | N0 | M0 |
| Stage I | T1 | N0 | M0 |
| Stage II | T2 | N0 | M0 |
| Stage III | T3 | N0 | M0 |
| Stage IV | T4 | N0 | M0 |
| Any T | N1 | M0 | |
| Any T | N2 | M0 | |
| Any T | N3 | M0 | |
| Any T | Any N | M1 |