Alzheimer's disease risk factors
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
The most potent risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's dementia (AD) are age and
Risk Factors
The following risk factors may lead to the development of Alzheimer's dementia (AD):[1][2][3]
- Increasing age
- Genetic mutations
- Gender (females > males)
- Early-life negative events and physical attributes
- Literacy and education (low literacy and education increases the chances of developing AD)
- Geographical location (Central African Republic, East Africa, Southern Africa, Malaysia, Australia, and Papua New Guinea, APOE ε4 is a risk factor for AD among women but not men in Venezuela)
- Stroke
- Vascular disease
- Diet (fruits, vegetables, and fibre decrease risk; Tofu, cycad fruit, salivary phytooestrogens e.g. genistein and daidizein are associated with increased risk)
Comparison of risk factors among developed and developing countries for Alzheimer's dementia
| Risk Factor | Developed regions (North America, Europe, Japan) | Asia (China, Guam, India, South Korea, Taiwan) | Africa (Egypt, Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa) | Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Increasing age | + | + | + | + |
| Female sex | + | + | Not reported | Not reported |
| Family history | + | + | Not reported | + |
| Head injury | + | Not reported | Not reported | + |
| Genes (APOE ε4 allele) | + | + | No risk | Not reported |
| Illiteracy or lack of education | + | + | + | + |
| Mild cognitive impairment or cognitive impairment without dementia | + | + | Not reported | + |
| Urban living | Not reported | Not reported | - | + |
| Low socioeconomic status or poverty | Not reported | + | Not reported | + |
| Occupation as housewife | - | + | Not reported | + |
| Depressive illness | + | + | Positive | + |
| Vascular disease | + | + | + | Not reported |
| Low fibre diet | Not reported | + | + | - |
| Smoking | + | + | Not reported | Not reported |
References
- ↑ Kalaria RN, Maestre GE, Arizaga R, Friedland RP, Galasko D, Hall K, Luchsinger JA, Ogunniyi A, Perry EK, Potocnik F, Prince M, Stewart R, Wimo A, Zhang ZX, Antuono P (2008). "Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: prevalence, management, and risk factors". Lancet Neurol. 7 (9): 812–26. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70169-8. PMC 2860610. PMID 18667359.
- ↑ Dong MJ, Peng B, Lin XT, Zhao J, Zhou YR, Wang RH (2007). "The prevalence of dementia in the People's Republic of China: a systematic analysis of 1980-2004 studies". Age Ageing. 36 (6): 619–24. doi:10.1093/ageing/afm128. PMID 17965036.
- ↑ Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Herrera E, Bahia VS, Caixeta LF, Radanovic M, Anghinah R, Charchat-Fichman H, Porto CS, Carthery MT, Hartmann AP, Huang N, Smid J, Lima EP, Takada LT, Takahashi DY (2004). "Incidence of dementia in a community-dwelling Brazilian population". Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 18 (4): 241–6. PMID 15592138.