The protein encoded by this gene is a glutathione-independent prostaglandin D synthase that catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). PGD2 functions as a neuromodulator as well as a trophic factor in the central nervous system. PGD2 is also involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. This gene is preferentially expressed in brain. Studies with transgenic mice over-expressing this gene suggest that this gene may be also involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep.[2] Furthermore, PTGDS and its product PGD2 are elevated in the bald-scalp areas of men with male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia).[3]
Clinical use
Prostaglandin D2 synthase is used clinically as a diagnostic marker for liquorrhea, that is, to check whether fluid leaking from the nose or ear contains cerebrospinal fluid.[4] This is important in the assessment of head trauma severity. In a medical context, the older term "β-trace protein" is frequently used to refer to PTGDS.
↑Bachmann G, Petereit H, Djenabi U, Michel O (Mar 2002). "Predictive values of beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) by use of laser-nephelometry assay for the identification of cerebrospinal fluid". Neurosurgery. 50 (3): 571–6, discussion 576–7. doi:10.1227/00006123-200203000-00027. PMID11841726.
Further reading
White DM, Mikol DD, Espinosa R, Weimer B, Le Beau MM, Stefansson K (Nov 1992). "Structure and chromosomal localization of the human gene for a brain form of prostaglandin D2 synthase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (32): 23202–8. PMID1385416.
Kuruvilla AP, Hochwald GM, Ghiso J, Castaño EM, Pizzolato M, Frangione B (Nov 1991). "Isolation and amino terminal sequence of beta-trace, a novel protein from human cerebrospinal fluid". Brain Research. 565 (2): 337–40. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91666-O. PMID1726844.
Zahn M, Mäder M, Schmidt B, Bollensen E, Felgenhauer K (May 1993). "Purification and N-terminal sequence of beta-trace, a protein abundant in human cerebrospinal fluid". Neuroscience Letters. 154 (1–2): 93–5. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90179-O. PMID7689714.
Harrington MG, Aebersold R, Martin BM, Merril CR, Hood L (1993). "Identification of a brain-specific human cerebrospinal fluid glycoprotein, beta-trace protein". Applied and Theoretical Electrophoresis. 3 (5): 229–34. PMID7692978.
Bastien L, Sawyer N, Grygorczyk R, Metters KM, Adam M (Apr 1994). "Cloning, functional expression, and characterization of the human prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (16): 11873–7. PMID8163486.
Funk CD, Furci L, FitzGerald GA, Grygorczyk R, Rochette C, Bayne MA, Abramovitz M, Adam M, Metters KM (Dec 1993). "Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostaglandin E receptor EP1 subtype". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (35): 26767–72. PMID8253813.
Abramovitz M, Boie Y, Nguyen T, Rushmore TH, Bayne MA, Metters KM, Slipetz DM, Grygorczyk R (Jan 1994). "Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostanoid FP receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (4): 2632–6. PMID8300593.
Hoffmann A, Conradt HS, Gross G, Nimtz M, Lottspeich F, Wurster U (Aug 1993). "Purification and chemical characterization of beta-trace protein from human cerebrospinal fluid: its identification as prostaglandin D synthase". Journal of Neurochemistry. 61 (2): 451–6. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb02145.x. PMID8336134.
Leone MG, Saso L, Del Vecchio A, Mo MY, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY (Aug 1993). "Micropurification of two human cerebrospinal fluid proteins by high performance electrophoresis chromatography". Journal of Neurochemistry. 61 (2): 533–40. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb02156.x. PMID8336140.
Giacomelli S, Leone MG, Grima J, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY (Feb 1996). "Astrocytes synthesize and secrete prostaglandin D synthetase in vitro". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1310 (3): 269–76. doi:10.1016/0167-4889(95)00182-4. PMID8599604.
Blödorn B, Mäder M, Urade Y, Hayaishi O, Felgenhauer K, Brück W (May 1996). "Choroid plexus: the major site of mRNA expression for the beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) in human brain". Neuroscience Letters. 209 (2): 117–20. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(96)12614-8. PMID8761996.
Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (Sep 1996). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Research. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID8889548.
Yamashima T, Sakuda K, Tohma Y, Yamashita J, Oda H, Irikura D, Eguchi N, Beuckmann CT, Kanaoka Y, Urade Y, Hayaishi O (Apr 1997). "Prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in human arachnoid and meningioma cells: roles as a cell marker or in cerebrospinal fluid absorption, tumorigenesis, and calcification process". The Journal of Neuroscience. 17 (7): 2376–82. PMID9065498.
White DM, Takeda T, DeGroot LJ, Stefansson K, Arnason BG (May 1997). "Beta-trace gene expression is regulated by a core promoter and a distal thyroid hormone response element". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (22): 14387–93. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.22.14387. PMID9162076.
Tokugawa Y, Kunishige I, Kubota Y, Shimoya K, Nobunaga T, Kimura T, Saji F, Murata Y, Eguchi N, Oda H, Urade Y, Hayaishi O (Feb 1998). "Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in human male reproductive organs and seminal plasma". Biology of Reproduction. 58 (2): 600–7. doi:10.1095/biolreprod58.2.600. PMID9475419.
Saso L, Leone MG, Sorrentino C, Giacomelli S, Silvestrini B, Grima J, Li JC, Samy E, Mruk D, Cheng CY (Nov 1998). "Quantification of prostaglandin D synthetase in cerebrospinal fluid: a potential marker for brain tumor". Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International. 46 (4): 643–56. doi:10.1080/15216549800204172. PMID9844724.
Blödorn B, Brück W, Tumani H, Michel U, Rieckmann P, Althans N, Mäder M (Sep 1999). "Expression of the beta-trace protein in human pachymeninx as revealed by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry". Journal of Neuroscience Research. 57 (5): 730–4. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19990901)57:5<730::AID-JNR14>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID10462696.
