Dextrocardia pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
OR
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
OR
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Pathophysiology
Physiology
The normal physiology of [name of process] can be understood as follows:
Pathogenesis
- Dextrocardia is a cardiac anomaly in which the major axis of the heart from base to apex points to the right side.[1]
- The malposition is not as a result of any extracardiac abnormalities but intrinsic to the heart.[2]
- Dextrocardia with a normal abdominal situs has a 90 to 95% chance of associated congenital cardiac anomalies including atrial septal defect, transposition of the great vessels, and ventricular septal defect. It has a lower incidence (0 to 10%) in the presence of situs inversus.[3]
Genetics
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of dextrocrdia include:[4]
- ZIC3
- ACVR2B
- NODAL
Associated Conditions
Conditions associated with [disease name] include:[5][6][1][2]
- Tricuspid atresia
- Transposition of the great vessels
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Double-outlet double-inlet ventricle
- Single ventricle
- Sick sinus syndrome
- Situs inversus
- Situs solitus
- Situs ambiguous
- Kartagener syndrome
- Double-outlet or double-inlet ventricles
Microscopic Pathology
On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ogunlade O, Ayoka AO, Akomolafe RO, Akinsomisoye OS, Irinoye AI, Ajao A; et al. (2015). "The role of electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of dextrocardia with mirror image atrial arrangement and ventricular position in a young adult Nigerian in Ile-Ife: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 9: 222. doi:10.1186/s13256-015-0695-4. PMC 4584464. PMID 26411880.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Maldjian, Pierre D.; Saric, Muhamed (2007). "Approach to Dextrocardia in Adults:Review". American Journal of Roentgenology. 188 (6_supplement): S39–S49. doi:10.2214/AJR.06.1179. ISSN 0361-803X.
- ↑ Kumar, Abnish; Singh, Manoj Kumar; Yadav, Neeraj (2014). "Dextrocardia and asplenia in situs inversus totalis in a baby: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 8 (1). doi:10.1186/1752-1947-8-408. ISSN 1752-1947.
- ↑ Fahed, Akl C.; Gelb, Bruce D.; Seidman, J. G.; Seidman, Christine E. (2013). "Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease". Circulation Research. 112 (4): 707–720. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.300853. ISSN 0009-7330.
- ↑ Khoury M, Harbieh B, Heriopian A (2013). "Isolated dextrocardia and congenital heart blocking". Radiol Case Rep. 8 (1): 521. doi:10.2484/rcr.v8i1.521. PMC 4900208. PMID 27330607.
- ↑ Panneerselvam A, Subbiahnadar P (2012). "Is it dextrocardia or dextroversion?". BMJ Case Rep. 2012. doi:10.1136/bcr.01.2012.5493. PMC 3316784. PMID 22605582.