Chronic renal failure causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Common causes of chronic renal failure include diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. The commonest cause of stage 5 CKD in the U.S. is diabetes and is characterized by proteinuria and bilaterally enlarged kidneys. Hypertension is the second most common cause of Stage 5 CKD in the US, and often co-exists in diabetic patients.
Causes of CKD
Several conditions, exposures, and drugs can lead to renal injury with progression to CKD. The following list is a summary of most etiologies of CKD:
Conditions:
- Alport's syndrome
- Amyloidosis
- Balkan endemic nephropathy
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Chronic Glomerulonephritis
- Chronic Pyelonephritis
- Cystinosis
- Diabetic nephropathy
- Glomerulosclerosis
- Goodpasture’s syndrome
- Hemolytic uremic syndrome
- Hereditary nephritides
- Hyperoxaluria
- Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
- IgA nephropathy
- Interstitial Nephritis
- Light chain disease
- Lupus nephritis
- Malignant hypertension
- Medullary cystic kidney disease
- Medullary sponge kidney
- Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
- Membranous nephritis
- Metastatic prostate cancer
- Multiple Myeloma
- Nephrolithiasis
- Nephrosclerosis
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Nephritic Syndrome
- Normocytic normochromic anemia
- Obstructive uropathy
- Oxalosis
- Papillorenal syndrome
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Proteinuria
- Prostate cancer
- Pyelonephritis
- Reflux nephropathy
- Renal artery stenosis
- Renal cell carcinoma
- Renal vein thrombosis
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Scleroderma
- Sepsis
- Sickle cell disease
- Systemic sclerosis
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Vasculitis
- Vesicoureteral reflux
- Wegener's granulomatosis
Other less common causes of CKD are possible.
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Drugs
- Acetominophen
- Acyclovir
- Allopurinol
- Aminoglycosides
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- Anticoagulants
- Aspirin
- Bevacizumab
- Bismuth
- Carboplatin
- Carmustine
- Chloroquine
- Cisplatin
- Cyclosporine
- Erythromycin
- Foscarnet
- Furosemide
- Gentamicin
- Hydroxychloroquine
- Ifosfamide
- Infliximab
- Isoniazid
- Laxatives
- Lithium
- Lomustine
- Methicillin
- Mesalamine
- Mitomycin C
- Interferons
- Nitrosoureas
- NSAIDs
- Pamidronate
- Penicillin
- Pentamidine
- Phenytoin
- Propylthiouracil
- Protease Inhibitors
- Quinine
- Rifampicin
- Sulfa-containing antibiotics
- Sulfonamides
- Tacrolimus
- Thiazides
- Vancomycin
References