The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance through the cell cycle. Cyclins function as regulators of CDK kinases. Different cyclins exhibit distinct expression and degradation patterns which contribute to the temporal coordination of each mitotic event. This cyclin forms a complex with and functions as a regulatory subunit of CDK4 or CDK6, whose activty is required for cell cycle G1/S transition. This protein has been shown to interact with and be involved in the phosphorylation of tumor suppressor protein Rb. The CDK4 activity associated with this cyclin was reported to be necessary for cell cycle progression through G2 phase into mitosis after UV radiation.[2]
↑Zhang S, Cai M, Zhang S, Xu S, Chen S, Chen X, Chen C, Gu J (2002). "Interaction of p58(PITSLRE), a G2/M-specific protein kinase, with cyclin D3". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (38): 35314–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202179200. PMID12082095.
↑ 6.06.1Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID16189514.
↑ 7.07.17.2Lin J, Jinno S, Okayama H (2001). "Cdk6-cyclin D3 complex evades inhibition by inhibitor proteins and uniquely controls cell's proliferation competence". Oncogene. 20 (16): 2000–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204375. PMID11360184.
↑ 8.08.1Zhang Q, Wang X, Wolgemuth DJ (1999). "Developmentally regulated expression of cyclin D3 and its potential in vivo interacting proteins during murine gametogenesis". Endocrinology. 140 (6): 2790–800. doi:10.1210/endo.140.6.6756. PMID10342870.
↑ 9.09.1Despouy G, Bastie JN, Deshaies S, Balitrand N, Mazharian A, Rochette-Egly C, Chomienne C, Delva L (2003). "Cyclin D3 is a cofactor of retinoic acid receptors, modulating their activity in the presence of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (8): 6355–62. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210697200. PMID12482873.
↑Shen X, Yang Y, Liu W, Sun M, Jiang J, Zong H, Gu J (2004). "Identification of the p28 subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 3(eIF3k) as a new interaction partner of cyclin D3". FEBS Lett. 573 (1–3): 139–46. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.071. PMID15327989.
Further reading
Motokura T, Keyomarsi K, Kronenberg HM, Arnold A (1992). "Cloning and characterization of human cyclin D3, a cDNA closely related in sequence to the PRAD1/cyclin D1 proto-oncogene". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (28): 20412–5. PMID1383201.
Xiong Y, Menninger J, Beach D, Ward DC (1992). "Molecular cloning and chromosomal mapping of CCND genes encoding human D-type cyclins". Genomics. 13 (3): 575–84. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90127-E. PMID1386336.
Motokura T, Yi HF, Kronenberg HM, McBride OW, Arnold A (1992). "Assignment of the human cyclin D3 gene (CCND3) to chromosome 6p----q13". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 61 (1): 5–7. doi:10.1159/000133359. PMID1387066.
Matsuoka S, Yamaguchi M, Matsukage A (1994). "D-type cyclin-binding regions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (15): 11030–6. PMID7908906.
Dowdy SF, Hinds PW, Louie K, Reed SI, Arnold A, Weinberg RA (1993). "Physical interaction of the retinoblastoma protein with human D cyclins". Cell. 73 (3): 499–511. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90137-F. PMID8490963.
Brooks AR, Shiffman D, Chan CS, Brooks EE, Milner PG (1996). "Functional analysis of the human cyclin D2 and cyclin D3 promoters". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (15): 9090–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.15.9090. PMID8621559.
Gabrielli BG, Sarcevic B, Sinnamon J, Walker G, Castellano M, Wang XQ, Ellem KA (1999). "A cyclin D-Cdk4 activity required for G2 phase cell cycle progression is inhibited in ultraviolet radiation-induced G2 phase delay". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (20): 13961–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.20.13961. PMID10318807.
Zhang Q, Wang X, Wolgemuth DJ (1999). "Developmentally regulated expression of cyclin D3 and its potential in vivo interacting proteins during murine gametogenesis". Endocrinology. 140 (6): 2790–800. doi:10.1210/endo.140.6.6756. PMID10342870.
Sansal I, Dupont E, Toru D, Evrard C, Rouget P (2000). "NPDC-1, a regulator of neural cell proliferation and differentiation, interacts with E2F-1, reduces its binding to DNA and modulates its transcriptional activity". Oncogene. 19 (43): 5000–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203843. PMID11042687.
Fink JR, LeBien TW (2001). "Novel expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in human B-cell precursors". Exp. Hematol. 29 (4): 490–8. doi:10.1016/S0301-472X(01)00619-1. PMID11301189.
Lin J, Jinno S, Okayama H (2001). "Cdk6-cyclin D3 complex evades inhibition by inhibitor proteins and uniquely controls cell's proliferation competence". Oncogene. 20 (16): 2000–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204375. PMID11360184.
Bartkova J, Thullberg M, Slezak P, Jaramillo E, Rubio C, Thomassen LH, Bartek J (2001). "Aberrant expression of G1-phase cell cycle regulators in flat and exophytic adenomas of the human colon". Gastroenterology. 120 (7): 1680–8. doi:10.1053/gast.2001.24880. PMID11375949.