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<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase N2''' (R-PTP-N2) also known as '''islet cell autoantigen-related protein''' (ICAAR) and '''phogrin''' is an [[enzyme]] that in humans is encoded by the ''PTPRN2'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid8954911">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith PD, Barker KT, Wang J, Lu YJ, Shipley J, Crompton MR | title = ICAAR, a novel member of a new family of transmembrane, tyrosine phosphatase-like proteins | journal = Biochem Biophys Res Commun | volume = 229 | issue = 2 | pages = 402–11 |date=Jan 1997 | pmid = 8954911 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1817 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9220540">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li Q, Borovitskaya AE, DeSilva MG, Wasserfall C, Maclaren NK, Notkins AL, Lan MS | title = Autoantigens in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: molecular cloning and characterization of human IA-2 beta | journal = Proc Assoc Am Physicians | volume = 109 | issue = 4 | pages = 429–39 |date=Sep 1997 | pmid = 9220540 | pmc =  | doi =  }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PTPRN2 protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, N polypeptide 2| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5799| accessdate = }}</ref> [[PTPRN]] and PTPRN2 (this gene) are both found to be major [[autoantigens]] associated with [[insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]].<ref name="entrez" />
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}


<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, N polypeptide 2
| HGNCid = 9677
| Symbol = PTPRN2
| AltSymbols =; IA-2beta; IAR; ICAAR; PTPRP
| OMIM = 601698
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 2134
| MGIid = 107418
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_PTPRN2_203029_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_PTPRN2_203030_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image3 = PBB_GE_PTPRN2_211534_x_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004725 |text = protein tyrosine phosphatase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004872 |text = receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005001 |text = transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016787 |text = hydrolase activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005887 |text = integral to plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006470 |text = protein amino acid dephosphorylation}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 5799
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000155093
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_002838
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_002847
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 7
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 157026169
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 158073122
    | Hs_Uniprot = Q92932
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 19276
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000056553
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = XM_987349
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = XP_992443
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 12
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 116927729
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 117718802
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q1RLJ1
  }}
}}
'''Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, N polypeptide 2''', also known as '''PTPRN2''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PTPRN2 protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, N polypeptide 2| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5799| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
Due to a close similarity in the gene sequences, the [[protein]] encoded by this [[gene]] has traditionally been considered a member of the [[protein tyrosine phosphatase]] (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be [[signaling molecules]] that regulate a variety of cellular processes including [[cell growth]], [[Cell differentiation|differentiation]], [[Mitosis|mitotic cycle]], and [[oncogenic]] [[Transformation (genetics)|transformation]]. However, recent research has shown that the PTPRN2 mouse [[homolog]], known as phogrin, [[dephosphorylates]] the lipid [[phosphatidylinositol]] rather than [[tyrosine]]. Specifically, phogrin was shown to act upon [[phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate]] and [[Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate]], whereas it has never been observed acting upon tyrosine.<ref name="pmid20097759">{{cite journal | vauthors = Caromile LA, Oganesian A, Coats SA, Seifert RA, Bowen-Pope DF | title = The neurosecretory vesicle protein phogrin functions as a phosphatidylinositol phosphatase to regulate insulin secretion | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 285 | issue = 14 | pages = 10487–96 |date=April 2010 | pmid = 20097759 | pmc = 2856256 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M109.066563 }}</ref> PTPRN2 should, therefore, be more accurately considered a PIPase rather than a [[protein tyrosine phosphatase|PTPase]]. [[Phosphorylated]] forms of [[phosphatidylinositol]] (PI) are called [[phosphoinositides]] and play important roles in [[lipid signaling]], [[cell signaling]] and [[membrane trafficking]].
{{PBB_Summary
 
| section_title =
The protein produced by PTPRN2 possesses an [[extracellular]] region, a single [[transmembrane region]], and a single [[intracellular]] [[catalytic domain]], and thus represents a [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]]-type PTP. The catalytic domain of this PTP is most closely related to [[PTPRN]], also known as IA-2.<ref name="entrez" />
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP possesses an extracellular region, a single transmembrane region, and a single intracellular catalytic domain, and thus represents a receptor-type PTP. The catalytic domain of this PTP is most closely related to PTPRN/IA-2beta. This PTP and PTPRN are both found to be major autoantigens associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene, which encode distinct proteins, have been reported.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PTPRN2 protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, N polypeptide 2| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5799| accessdate = }}</ref>
 
}}
== Gene ==
 
Three [[alternatively spliced]] [[transcript variants]] of this gene, which encode distinct proteins, have been reported.<ref name="entrez" />
 
== Interactions ==
 
PTPRN2 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with: [[CKAP5]],<ref name="pmid12421765">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakayama M, Kikuno R, Ohara O | title = Protein-protein interactions between large proteins: two-hybrid screening using a functionally classified library composed of long cDNAs | journal = Genome Res. | volume = 12 | issue = 11 | pages = 1773–84 |date=November 2002 | pmid = 12421765 | pmc = 187542 | doi = 10.1101/gr.406902 }}</ref> [[SPTBN4]],<ref name="pmid11086001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Berghs S, Aggujaro D, Dirkx R, Maksimova E, Stabach P, Hermel JM, Zhang JP, Philbrick W, Slepnev V, Ort T, Solimena M | title = betaIV spectrin, a new spectrin localized at axon initial segments and nodes of ranvier in the central and peripheral nervous system | journal = J. Cell Biol. | volume = 151 | issue = 5 | pages = 985–1002 |date=November 2000 | pmid = 11086001 | pmc = 2174349 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.151.5.985}}</ref> and [[UBQLN4]].<ref name="pmid16713569">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lim J, Hao T, Shaw C, Patel AJ, Szabó G, Rual JF, Fisk CJ, Li N, Smolyar A, Hill DE, Barabási AL, Vidal M, Zoghbi HY | title = A protein-protein interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of Purkinje cell degeneration | journal = Cell | volume = 125 | issue = 4 | pages = 801–14 |date=May 2006 | pmid = 16713569 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.032 }}</ref>
 
== Clinical significance ==
 
R-PTP-N2 functions as an [[autoantigen]] in [[diabetes mellitus type 1]].<ref name="pmid8637868">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu J, Li Q, Xie H, Chen ZJ, Borovitskaya AE, Maclaren NK, Notkins AL, Lan MS | title = Identification of a second transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase, IA-2beta, as an autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: precursor of the 37-kDa tryptic fragment | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 93 | issue = 6 | pages = 2307–11 |date=March 1996 | pmid = 8637868 | pmc = 39791 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.93.6.2307| url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid9118776">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pietropaolo M, Hutton JC, Eisenbarth GS | title = Protein tyrosine phosphatase-like proteins: link with IDDM | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 208–14 |date=February 1997 | pmid = 9118776 | doi = 10.2337/diacare.20.2.208 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Lan MS, Lu J, Goto Y, Notkins AL |title=Molecular cloning and identification of a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase, IA-2, from human insulinoma. |journal=DNA Cell Biol. |volume=13 |issue= 5 |pages= 505–14 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8024693 |doi=10.1089/dna.1994.13.505 }}
| citations =
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Cui L, Yu WP, DeAizpurua HJ, etal |title=Cloning and characterization of islet cell antigen-related protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), a novel receptor-like PTP and autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 40 |pages= 24817–23 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8798755 |doi=10.1074/jbc.271.40.24817 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Lan MS, Lu J, Goto Y, Notkins AL |title=Molecular cloning and identification of a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase, IA-2, from human insulinoma. |journal=DNA Cell Biol. |volume=13 |issue= 5 |pages= 505-14 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8024693 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Kawasaki E, Hutton JC, Eisenbarth GS |title=Molecular cloning and characterization of the human transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase homologue, phogrin, an autoantigen of type 1 diabetes. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=227 |issue= 2 |pages= 440–7 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8878534 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1526 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Cui L, Yu WP, DeAizpurua HJ, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and characterization of islet cell antigen-related protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), a novel receptor-like PTP and autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 40 |pages= 24817-23 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8798755 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Schmidli RS, Colman PG, Cui L, etal |title=Antibodies to the protein tyrosine phosphatases IAR and IA-2 are associated with progression to insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) in first-degree relatives at-risk for IDDM. |journal=Autoimmunity |volume=28 |issue= 1 |pages= 15–23 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9754810 |doi=10.3109/08916939808993841 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Kawasaki E, Hutton JC, Eisenbarth GS |title=Molecular cloning and characterization of the human transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase homologue, phogrin, an autoantigen of type 1 diabetes. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=227 |issue= 2 |pages= 440-7 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8878534 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1526 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=van den Maagdenberg AM, Schepens JT, Schepens MT, etal |title=Assignment of Ptprn2, the gene encoding receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase IA-2beta, a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, to mouse chromosome region 12F. |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=82 |issue= 3-4 |pages= 153–5 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9858807 |doi=10.1159/000015090 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Smith PD, Barker KT, Wang J, ''et al.'' |title=ICAAR, a novel member of a new family of transmembrane, tyrosine phosphatase-like proteins. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=229 |issue= 2 |pages= 402-11 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8954911 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1817 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Berghs S, Aggujaro D, Dirkx R, etal |title=betaIV spectrin, a new spectrin localized at axon initial segments and nodes of ranvier in the central and peripheral nervous system. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=151 |issue= 5 |pages= 985–1002 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11086001 |doi=10.1083/jcb.151.5.985  | pmc=2174349  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Nakajima D, ''et al.'' |title=Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. VII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro. |journal=DNA Res. |volume=4 |issue= 2 |pages= 141-50 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9205841 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Kubosaki A, Gross S, Miura J, etal |title=Targeted disruption of the IA-2beta gene causes glucose intolerance and impairs insulin secretion but does not prevent the development of diabetes in NOD mice. |journal=Diabetes |volume=53 |issue= 7 |pages= 1684–91 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15220191 |doi=10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1684  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Li Q, Borovitskaya AE, DeSilva MG, ''et al.'' |title=Autoantigens in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: molecular cloning and characterization of human IA-2 beta. |journal=Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians |volume=109 |issue= 4 |pages= 429-39 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9220540 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Lim J, Hao T, Shaw C, etal |title=A protein-protein interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of Purkinje cell degeneration. |journal=Cell |volume=125 |issue= 4 |pages= 801–14 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16713569 |doi= 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.032 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Schmidli RS, Colman PG, Cui L, ''et al.'' |title=Antibodies to the protein tyrosine phosphatases IAR and IA-2 are associated with progression to insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) in first-degree relatives at-risk for IDDM. |journal=Autoimmunity |volume=28 |issue= 1 |pages= 15-23 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9754810 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=van den Maagdenberg AM, Schepens JT, Schepens MT, ''et al.'' |title=Assignment of Ptprn2, the gene encoding receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase IA-2beta, a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, to mouse chromosome region 12F. |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=82 |issue= 3-4 |pages= 153-5 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9858807 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Berghs S, Aggujaro D, Dirkx R, ''et al.'' |title=betaIV spectrin, a new spectrin localized at axon initial segments and nodes of ranvier in the central and peripheral nervous system. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=151 |issue= 5 |pages= 985-1002 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11086001 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Nakayama M, Kikuno R, Ohara O |title=Protein-protein interactions between large proteins: two-hybrid screening using a functionally classified library composed of long cDNAs. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=12 |issue= 11 |pages= 1773-84 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12421765 |doi= 10.1101/gr.406902 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kubosaki A, Gross S, Miura J, ''et al.'' |title=Targeted disruption of the IA-2beta gene causes glucose intolerance and impairs insulin secretion but does not prevent the development of diabetes in NOD mice. |journal=Diabetes |volume=53 |issue= 7 |pages= 1684-91 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15220191 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lim J, Hao T, Shaw C, ''et al.'' |title=A protein-protein interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of Purkinje cell degeneration. |journal=Cell |volume=125 |issue= 4 |pages= 801-14 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16713569 |doi= 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.032 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{protein-stub}}
{{Protein tyrosine phosphatases}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
 
 
{{gene-7-stub}}

Latest revision as of 14:01, 1 November 2017

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase N2 (R-PTP-N2) also known as islet cell autoantigen-related protein (ICAAR) and phogrin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPRN2 gene.[1][2][3] PTPRN and PTPRN2 (this gene) are both found to be major autoantigens associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.[3]

Function

Due to a close similarity in the gene sequences, the protein encoded by this gene has traditionally been considered a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. However, recent research has shown that the PTPRN2 mouse homolog, known as phogrin, dephosphorylates the lipid phosphatidylinositol rather than tyrosine. Specifically, phogrin was shown to act upon phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate, whereas it has never been observed acting upon tyrosine.[4] PTPRN2 should, therefore, be more accurately considered a PIPase rather than a PTPase. Phosphorylated forms of phosphatidylinositol (PI) are called phosphoinositides and play important roles in lipid signaling, cell signaling and membrane trafficking.

The protein produced by PTPRN2 possesses an extracellular region, a single transmembrane region, and a single intracellular catalytic domain, and thus represents a receptor-type PTP. The catalytic domain of this PTP is most closely related to PTPRN, also known as IA-2.[3]

Gene

Three alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene, which encode distinct proteins, have been reported.[3]

Interactions

PTPRN2 has been shown to interact with: CKAP5,[5] SPTBN4,[6] and UBQLN4.[7]

Clinical significance

R-PTP-N2 functions as an autoantigen in diabetes mellitus type 1.[8][9]

References

  1. ↑ Smith PD, Barker KT, Wang J, Lu YJ, Shipley J, Crompton MR (Jan 1997). "ICAAR, a novel member of a new family of transmembrane, tyrosine phosphatase-like proteins". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 229 (2): 402–11. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1817. PMID 8954911.
  2. ↑ Li Q, Borovitskaya AE, DeSilva MG, Wasserfall C, Maclaren NK, Notkins AL, Lan MS (Sep 1997). "Autoantigens in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: molecular cloning and characterization of human IA-2 beta". Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 109 (4): 429–39. PMID 9220540.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Entrez Gene: PTPRN2 protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, N polypeptide 2".
  4. ↑ Caromile LA, Oganesian A, Coats SA, Seifert RA, Bowen-Pope DF (April 2010). "The neurosecretory vesicle protein phogrin functions as a phosphatidylinositol phosphatase to regulate insulin secretion". J. Biol. Chem. 285 (14): 10487–96. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.066563. PMC 2856256. PMID 20097759.
  5. ↑ Nakayama M, Kikuno R, Ohara O (November 2002). "Protein-protein interactions between large proteins: two-hybrid screening using a functionally classified library composed of long cDNAs". Genome Res. 12 (11): 1773–84. doi:10.1101/gr.406902. PMC 187542. PMID 12421765.
  6. ↑ Berghs S, Aggujaro D, Dirkx R, Maksimova E, Stabach P, Hermel JM, Zhang JP, Philbrick W, Slepnev V, Ort T, Solimena M (November 2000). "betaIV spectrin, a new spectrin localized at axon initial segments and nodes of ranvier in the central and peripheral nervous system". J. Cell Biol. 151 (5): 985–1002. doi:10.1083/jcb.151.5.985. PMC 2174349. PMID 11086001.
  7. ↑ Lim J, Hao T, Shaw C, Patel AJ, Szabó G, Rual JF, Fisk CJ, Li N, Smolyar A, Hill DE, Barabási AL, Vidal M, Zoghbi HY (May 2006). "A protein-protein interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of Purkinje cell degeneration". Cell. 125 (4): 801–14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.032. PMID 16713569.
  8. ↑ Lu J, Li Q, Xie H, Chen ZJ, Borovitskaya AE, Maclaren NK, Notkins AL, Lan MS (March 1996). "Identification of a second transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase, IA-2beta, as an autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: precursor of the 37-kDa tryptic fragment". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (6): 2307–11. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.6.2307. PMC 39791. PMID 8637868.
  9. ↑ Pietropaolo M, Hutton JC, Eisenbarth GS (February 1997). "Protein tyrosine phosphatase-like proteins: link with IDDM". Diabetes Care. 20 (2): 208–14. doi:10.2337/diacare.20.2.208. PMID 9118776.

Further reading

  • Lan MS, Lu J, Goto Y, Notkins AL (1994). "Molecular cloning and identification of a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase, IA-2, from human insulinoma". DNA Cell Biol. 13 (5): 505–14. doi:10.1089/dna.1994.13.505. PMID 8024693.
  • Cui L, Yu WP, DeAizpurua HJ, et al. (1996). "Cloning and characterization of islet cell antigen-related protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), a novel receptor-like PTP and autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (40): 24817–23. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.40.24817. PMID 8798755.
  • Kawasaki E, Hutton JC, Eisenbarth GS (1996). "Molecular cloning and characterization of the human transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase homologue, phogrin, an autoantigen of type 1 diabetes". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 227 (2): 440–7. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1526. PMID 8878534.
  • Schmidli RS, Colman PG, Cui L, et al. (1998). "Antibodies to the protein tyrosine phosphatases IAR and IA-2 are associated with progression to insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) in first-degree relatives at-risk for IDDM". Autoimmunity. 28 (1): 15–23. doi:10.3109/08916939808993841. PMID 9754810.
  • van den Maagdenberg AM, Schepens JT, Schepens MT, et al. (1999). "Assignment of Ptprn2, the gene encoding receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase IA-2beta, a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, to mouse chromosome region 12F". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 82 (3–4): 153–5. doi:10.1159/000015090. PMID 9858807.
  • Berghs S, Aggujaro D, Dirkx R, et al. (2001). "betaIV spectrin, a new spectrin localized at axon initial segments and nodes of ranvier in the central and peripheral nervous system". J. Cell Biol. 151 (5): 985–1002. doi:10.1083/jcb.151.5.985. PMC 2174349. PMID 11086001.
  • Kubosaki A, Gross S, Miura J, et al. (2004). "Targeted disruption of the IA-2beta gene causes glucose intolerance and impairs insulin secretion but does not prevent the development of diabetes in NOD mice". Diabetes. 53 (7): 1684–91. doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1684. PMID 15220191.
  • Lim J, Hao T, Shaw C, et al. (2006). "A protein-protein interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of Purkinje cell degeneration". Cell. 125 (4): 801–14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.032. PMID 16713569.


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