Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1: Difference between revisions

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==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
BK channels are pharmacological targets for the treatment of stroke. Various pharmaceutical companies developed synthetic molecules activating these channels<ref name="pmid15926865">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gribkoff VK, Winquist RJ | title = Voltage-gated cation channel modulators for the treatment of stroke | journal = Expert Opin Investig Drugs | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 579–92 |date=May 2005 | pmid = 15926865 | doi = 10.1517/13543784.14.5.579 }}</ref> in order to prevent excessive [[neurotoxic]] calcium entry in neurons.<ref name="pmid11496927">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gribkoff VK, Starrett JE, Dworetzky SI | title = Maxi-K potassium channels: form, function, and modulation of a class of endogenous regulators of intracellular calcium | journal = Neuroscientist | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 166–77 |date=April 2001 | pmid = 11496927 | doi = 10.1177/107385840100700211 }}</ref> But BMS-204352 (MaxiPost) a molecule developed by [[Bristol-Myers Squibb]] failed to improve clinical outcome in stroke patients compared to [[placebo]].<ref name="pmid12481191">{{cite journal | author = Jensen BS | title = BMS-204352: a potassium channel opener developed for the treatment of stroke | journal = CNS Drug Rev | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 353–60 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12481191 | doi = 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2002.tb00233.x }}</ref> BK channels have also been found to be activated by exogenous pollutants and endogenous gazotransmitters carbon monoxide<ref name="pmid15664403">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubuis E, Potier M, Wang R, Vandier C | title = Continuous inhalation of carbon monoxide attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension development presumably through activation of BKCa channels | journal = Cardiovasc. Res. | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 751–61 |date=February 2005 | pmid = 15664403 | doi = 10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.11.007 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18316727">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hou S, Xu R, Heinemann SH, Hoshi T | title = The RCK1 high-affinity Ca2+ sensor confers carbon monoxide sensitivity to Slo1 BK channels | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 105 | issue = 10 | pages = 4039–43 |date=March 2008 | pmid = 18316727 | pmc = 2268785 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0800304105  |bibcode = 2008PNAS..105.4039H }}</ref> and hydrogen sulphide.<ref name="pmid19802723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sitdikova GF, Weiger TM, Hermann A | title = Hydrogen sulfide increases calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel activity of rat pituitary tumor cells | journal = Pflugers Arch. | volume = 459 | issue = 3 | pages = 389–97 |date=February 2010 | pmid = 19802723 | doi = 10.1007/s00424-009-0737-0 }}</ref>
BK channels are pharmacological targets for the treatment of stroke. Various pharmaceutical companies developed synthetic molecules activating these channels<ref name="pmid15926865">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gribkoff VK, Winquist RJ | title = Voltage-gated cation channel modulators for the treatment of stroke | journal = Expert Opin Investig Drugs | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 579–92 |date=May 2005 | pmid = 15926865 | doi = 10.1517/13543784.14.5.579 }}</ref> in order to prevent excessive [[neurotoxic]] calcium entry in neurons.<ref name="pmid11496927">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gribkoff VK, Starrett JE, Dworetzky SI | title = Maxi-K potassium channels: form, function, and modulation of a class of endogenous regulators of intracellular calcium | journal = Neuroscientist | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 166–77 |date=April 2001 | pmid = 11496927 | doi = 10.1177/107385840100700211 }}</ref> But BMS-204352 (MaxiPost) a molecule developed by [[Bristol-Myers Squibb]] failed to improve clinical outcome in stroke patients compared to [[placebo]].<ref name="pmid12481191">{{cite journal | author = Jensen BS | title = BMS-204352: a potassium channel opener developed for the treatment of stroke | journal = CNS Drug Rev | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 353–60 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12481191 | doi = 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2002.tb00233.x }}</ref> BK channels have also been found to be activated by exogenous pollutants and endogenous gazotransmitters carbon monoxide<ref name="pmid15664403">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubuis E, Potier M, Wang R, Vandier C | title = Continuous inhalation of carbon monoxide attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension development presumably through activation of BKCa channels | journal = Cardiovasc. Res. | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 751–61 |date=February 2005 | pmid = 15664403 | doi = 10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.11.007 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18316727">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hou S, Xu R, Heinemann SH, Hoshi T | title = The RCK1 high-affinity Ca2+ sensor confers carbon monoxide sensitivity to Slo1 BK channels | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 105 | issue = 10 | pages = 4039–43 |date=March 2008 | pmid = 18316727 | pmc = 2268785 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0800304105  |bibcode = 2008PNAS..105.4039H }}</ref> and hydrogen sulphide.<ref name="pmid19802723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sitdikova GF, Weiger TM, Hermann A | title = Hydrogen sulfide increases calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel activity of rat pituitary tumor cells | journal = Pflügers Arch. | volume = 459 | issue = 3 | pages = 389–97 |date=February 2010 | pmid = 19802723 | doi = 10.1007/s00424-009-0737-0 }}</ref>


BK channels are blocked by tetraethylammonium (TEA), [[paxilline]]<ref name="urlpaxilline, pure, from Fermentek">{{cite web |url=http://www.fermentek.com/product/paxilline| title = Paxilline, from Fermentek |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> and [[iberiotoxin]].<ref name="pmid1384740">{{cite journal |vauthors=Candia S, Garcia ML, Latorre R | title = Mode of action of iberiotoxin, a potent blocker of the large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel | journal = Biophys. J. | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 583–90 |date=August 1992 | pmid = 1384740 | pmc = 1262182 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-3495(92)81630-2 |bibcode = 1992BpJ....63..583C }}</ref>
BK channels are blocked by tetraethylammonium (TEA), [[paxilline]]<ref name="urlpaxilline, pure, from Fermentek">{{cite web |url=http://www.fermentek.com/product/paxilline| title = Paxilline, from Fermentek |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> and [[iberiotoxin]].<ref name="pmid1384740">{{cite journal |vauthors=Candia S, Garcia ML, Latorre R | title = Mode of action of iberiotoxin, a potent blocker of the large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel | journal = Biophys. J. | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 583–90 |date=August 1992 | pmid = 1384740 | pmc = 1262182 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-3495(92)81630-2 |bibcode = 1992BpJ....63..583C }}</ref>

Latest revision as of 16:00, 29 June 2018

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Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 also known as large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 (KCa1.1), or BK for short, is a voltage gated potassium channel encoded by the KCNMA1 gene and characterized by their large conductance of potassium ions (K+) through cell membranes.[1]

Function

BK channels are activated (opened) by changes in membrane electrical potential and/or by increases in concentration of intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+).[2][3] Opening of BK channels allows K+ to passively flow through the channel, down the electrochemical gradient. Under typical physiological conditions, this results in an efflux of K+ from the cell, which leads to cell membrane hyperpolarization (a decrease in the electrical potential across the cell membrane) and a decrease in cell excitability (a decrease in the probability that the cell will transmit an action potential).

BK channels are essential for the regulation of several key physiological processes including smooth muscle tone and neuronal excitability.[1] They control the contraction of smooth muscle and are involved with the electrical tuning of hair cells in the cochlea. BK channels also contribute to the behavioral effects of ethanol in the worm C. elegans under high concentrations (> 100 mM, or approximately 0.50% BAC).[4] It remains to be determined if BK channels contribute to intoxication in humans.

Structure

BK channels have a tetrameric structure. Each monomer of the channel-forming alpha subunit is the product of the KCNMA1 gene. Modulatory beta subunits (encoded by KCNMB1, KCNMB2, KCNMB3, or KCNMB4) can associate with the tetrametic channel. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.[1]

Each BK channel alpha subunit consists of (from N- to C-terminal):

  1. A unique transmembrane domain (S0)[5] that precedes the 6 transmembrane domains (S1-S6) conserved in all voltage-dependent K+ channels.
  2. A voltage sensing domain (S1-S4).
  3. A K+ channel pore domain (S5, selectivity filter, and S6).
  4. A cytoplasmic C-terminal domain (CTD) consisting of a pair of RCK domains that assemble into an octameric gating ring on the intracellular side of the tetrameric channel.[3][6][7][8][9][10][11] The CTD contains four primary binding sites for Ca2+, called "calcium bowls", encoded within the second RCK domain of each monomer.[3][6][10][11]
Calcium-activated BK potassium channel alpha subunit
Identifiers
SymbolBK_channel_a
PfamPF03493
InterProIPR003929

Available X-ray structures include:

  • 3U6N​ – Open structure of the BK channel gating ring[11]
  • 3MT5​ – Crystal structure of the human BK gating apparatus[3]
  • 3NAF​ – Structure of the intracellular gating ring from the human high-conductance Ca2+ gated K+ channel (BK Channel)[6]

Pharmacology

BK channels are pharmacological targets for the treatment of stroke. Various pharmaceutical companies developed synthetic molecules activating these channels[12] in order to prevent excessive neurotoxic calcium entry in neurons.[13] But BMS-204352 (MaxiPost) a molecule developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb failed to improve clinical outcome in stroke patients compared to placebo.[14] BK channels have also been found to be activated by exogenous pollutants and endogenous gazotransmitters carbon monoxide[15][16] and hydrogen sulphide.[17]

BK channels are blocked by tetraethylammonium (TEA), paxilline[18] and iberiotoxin.[19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Entrez Gene: KCNMA1 potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1".
  2. ↑ Miller C (2000). "An overview of the potassium channel family". Genome Biol. 1 (4): reviews0004.1–reviews0004.5. doi:10.1186/gb-2000-1-4-reviews0004. PMC 138870. PMID 11178249.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Yuan P, Leonetti MD, Pico AR, Hsiung Y, MacKinnon R (July 2010). "Structure of the human BK channel Ca2+-activation apparatus at 3.0 A resolution". Science. 329 (5988): 182–6. Bibcode:2010Sci...329..182Y. doi:10.1126/science.1190414. PMC 3022345. PMID 20508092.
  4. ↑ Davies AG, Pierce-Shimomura JT, Kim H, VanHoven MK, Thiele TR, Bonci A, Bargmann CI, McIntire SL (December 2003). "A central role of the BK potassium channel in behavioral responses to ethanol in C. elegans". Cell. 115 (6): 655–66. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00979-6. PMID 14675531.
  5. ↑ Wallner M, Meera P, Toro L (1996). "Determinant for beta-subunit regulation in high-conductance voltage-activated and Ca(2+)-sensitive K+ channels: an additional transmembrane region at the N terminus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (25): 14922–7. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9314922W. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.25.14922. PMC 26238. PMID 8962157.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Wu Y, Yang Y, Ye S, Jiang Y (2010). "Structure of the gating ring from the human large-conductance Ca2+-gated K+ channel". Nature. 466 (7304): 393–397. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..393W. doi:10.1038/nature09252. PMC 2910425. PMID 20574420.
  7. ↑ Jiang Y, Pico A, Cadene M, Chait BT, MacKinnon R (2001). "Structure of the RCK domain from the E. Coli K+ channel and demonstration of its presence in the human BK channel". Neuron. 29 (3): 593–601. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00236-7. PMID 11301020.
  8. ↑ Pico A. 2003. RCK domain model of calcium activation in BK channels. PhD thesis. The Rockfeller University, New York.
  9. ↑ Yusifov T, Savalli N, Gandhi CS, Ottolia M, Olcese R (2008). "The RCK2 domain of the human BKCa channel is a calcium sensor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (1): 376–81. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105..376Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705261105. PMC 2224220. PMID 18162557.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Schreiber M, Salkoff L (1997). "A novel calcium-sensing domain in the BK channel". Biophysical Journal. 73 (3): 1355–1363. Bibcode:1997BpJ....73.1355S. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78168-2. PMC 1181035. PMID 9284303.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Yuan P, Leonetti MD, Hsiung Y, MacKinnon R (2011). "Open structure of the Ca2+ gating ring in the high-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel". Nature. 481 (7379): 94–97. Bibcode:2012Natur.481...94Y. doi:10.1038/nature10670. PMC 3319005. PMID 22139424.
  12. ↑ Gribkoff VK, Winquist RJ (May 2005). "Voltage-gated cation channel modulators for the treatment of stroke". Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 14 (5): 579–92. doi:10.1517/13543784.14.5.579. PMID 15926865.
  13. ↑ Gribkoff VK, Starrett JE, Dworetzky SI (April 2001). "Maxi-K potassium channels: form, function, and modulation of a class of endogenous regulators of intracellular calcium". Neuroscientist. 7 (2): 166–77. doi:10.1177/107385840100700211. PMID 11496927.
  14. ↑ Jensen BS (2002). "BMS-204352: a potassium channel opener developed for the treatment of stroke". CNS Drug Rev. 8 (4): 353–60. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2002.tb00233.x. PMID 12481191.
  15. ↑ Dubuis E, Potier M, Wang R, Vandier C (February 2005). "Continuous inhalation of carbon monoxide attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension development presumably through activation of BKCa channels". Cardiovasc. Res. 65 (3): 751–61. doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.11.007. PMID 15664403.
  16. ↑ Hou S, Xu R, Heinemann SH, Hoshi T (March 2008). "The RCK1 high-affinity Ca2+ sensor confers carbon monoxide sensitivity to Slo1 BK channels". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (10): 4039–43. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.4039H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800304105. PMC 2268785. PMID 18316727.
  17. ↑ Sitdikova GF, Weiger TM, Hermann A (February 2010). "Hydrogen sulfide increases calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel activity of rat pituitary tumor cells". Pflügers Arch. 459 (3): 389–97. doi:10.1007/s00424-009-0737-0. PMID 19802723.
  18. ↑ "Paxilline, from Fermentek".
  19. ↑ Candia S, Garcia ML, Latorre R (August 1992). "Mode of action of iberiotoxin, a potent blocker of the large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel". Biophys. J. 63 (2): 583–90. Bibcode:1992BpJ....63..583C. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(92)81630-2. PMC 1262182. PMID 1384740.

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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