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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Stomatitis}}
{{Stomatitis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SaraM}}  
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SaraM}}, {{USAMA}}  


==Overview==
==Overview==
Various pathogens including [[herpes virus]], [[Ebola]], [[HIV|HIV]], lack of [[oral hygiene]] and [[nutritional deficiencies]] can cause stomatitis along with many other causes.<ref name="pmid28153136">{{cite journal| author=Magliocca KR, Fitzpatrick SG| title=Autoimmune Disease Manifestations in the Oral Cavity. | journal=Surg Pathol Clin | year= 2017 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 57-88 | pmid=28153136 | doi=10.1016/j.path.2016.11.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28153136  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24713996">{{cite journal| author=Pellicer Z, Santiago JM, Rodriguez A, Alonso V, Antón R, Bosca MM| title=Management of cutaneous disorders related to inflammatory bowel disease. | journal=Ann Gastroenterol | year= 2012 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-26 | pmid=24713996 | doi= | pmc=3959344 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24713996  }} </ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==  
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
 
*[[Ebola]]
 
===Common Causes===
The common causes of stomatitis include:<ref name="pmid16451405">{{cite journal| author=Kolokotronis A, Doumas S| title=Herpes simplex virus infection, with particular reference to the progression and complications of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Infect | year= 2006 | volume= 12 | issue= 3 | pages= 202-11 | pmid=16451405 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01336.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16451405  }} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
| title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
| journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
| volume = 77
| issue = 908
| pages = 392–394
| year = 2001
| month = June
| pmid = 11375454
}}</ref><ref name="pmid15057287">{{cite journal| author=Sonis ST| title=The pathobiology of mucositis. | journal=Nat Rev Cancer | year= 2004 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 277-84 | pmid=15057287 | doi=10.1038/nrc1318 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15057287  }} </ref>
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Dentures]]
*[[Folate deficiency]]
*[[Herpes]]
*[[Oropharyngeal candidiasis]]
*[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
*[[Chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]]
*[[Drugs]]
 
===Infectious Causes===
Some causative factors for the infectious subtypes of stomatitis include:
====[[HIV]]====
The following pathogens can cause stomatitis in [[HIV]]:<ref name="pmid12544709">{{cite journal| author=Ramírez-Amador V, Esquivel-Pedraza L, Sierra-Madero J, Anaya-Saavedra G, González-Ramírez I, Ponce-de-León S| title=The Changing Clinical Spectrum of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Related Oral Lesions in 1,000 Consecutive Patients: A 12-Year Study in a Referral Center in Mexico. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2003 | volume= 82 | issue= 1 | pages= 39-50 | pmid=12544709 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12544709  }} </ref>
*[[Mycobacterium avium intracellulare]]
*[[Helicobacter pylori]]
*[[Leishmania]]
*[[Amoeba]]
*[[HSV]]
*[[CMV]]
*[[Interferon]]
*[[Foscarnet]]
*Histoplasma
*[[Cryptococcus]]
 
====[[Necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis]] or [[gangrenous stomatitis|Stomatitis gangrenosa]] or [[Noma]]====
Causes of [[gangrenous stomatitis]] include:<ref name="Gangrenous stomatitis">{{cite book |last1=Mandell |firs1t=Gerald |last2=Gouglas |first2=Gordon |last3=Bennett |first3=John |date= |title=Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |location= Harvard Medical School |publisher=WILEY MEDICAL |page=383 |isbn=0-471-87643-7}}​</ref><ref name="pmid26235765">{{cite journal| author=Zwetyenga N, See LA, Szwebel J, Beuste M, Aragou M, Oeuvrard C et al.| title=[Noma]. | journal=Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac Chir Orale | year= 2015 | volume= 116 | issue= 4 | pages= 261-79 | pmid=26235765 | doi=10.1016/j.revsto.2015.06.009 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26235765  }} </ref>
*[[Borrelia]]
*[[Fusobacterium]]
*[[Bacteroides]]
*[[Borrelia]] vincentii
*[[Porphyromonas gingivalis]]
*Tannerella forsynthesis
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*Nonhemolytic [[Streptococcus]]'' spp''
 
====[[Trench mouth]] or Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis====
*[[Spirochetes]]<ref name="pmid25540346">{{cite journal| author=Chan Y, Ma AP, Lacap-Bugler DC, Huo YB, Keung Leung W, Leung FC et al.| title=Complete Genome Sequence for Treponema sp. OMZ 838 (ATCC 700772, DSM 16789), Isolated from a Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis Lesion. | journal=Genome Announc | year= 2014 | volume= 2 | issue= 6 | pages=  | pmid=25540346 | doi=10.1128/genomeA.01333-14 | pmc=4276824 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25540346  }} </ref>
**[[Borrelia]]
**[[Treponema]] spp
*[[Prevotella]] intermedia<ref name="pmid14492892">{{cite journal| author=ROBINSON CR, RHODES AJ| title=Vesicular exanthem and stomatitis. Report of an epidemic due to Coxsacke virus Group A, Type 16. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1961 | volume= 265 | issue=  | pages= 1104-5 | pmid=14492892 | doi=10.1056/NEJM196111302652207 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14492892  }} </ref>
*[[Fusobacterium necrophorum]]
*[[Bacteroides]]
 
====[[Bovine papular stomatitis]]====
*[[Bovine papular stomatitis virus]]<ref name="bovine pustular stomatitis">{{cite book |last1=Mandell |firs1t=Gerald |last2=Gouglas |first2=Gordon |last3=Bennett |first3=John |date= |title=Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |location= Harvard Medical School |publisher=WILEY MEDICAL |page=988 |isbn=0-471-87643-7}}​</ref><ref name="pmid27751948">{{cite journal| author=Kurosaki Y, Okada S, Nakamae S, Yasuda J| title=A loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of bovine papular stomatitis virus. | journal=J Virol Methods | year= 2016 | volume= 238 | issue=  | pages= 42-47 | pmid=27751948 | doi=10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.07.031 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27751948  }} </ref>
 
====[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease]]====
*[[Coxsackie Virus|Coxsackie Virus Group A]]<ref name="pmid14492892">{{cite journal| author=ROBINSON CR, RHODES AJ| title=Vesicular exanthem and stomatitis. Report of an epidemic due to Coxsacke virus Group A, Type 16. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1961 | volume= 265 | issue=  | pages= 1104-5 | pmid=14492892 | doi=10.1056/NEJM196111302652207 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14492892  }} </ref>
 
====Candidal Stomatitis====
*[[Candida]] sp<ref name="pmid28232964">{{cite journal| author=Zhou PR, Hua H, Liu XS| title=Quantity of Candida Colonies in Saliva: 
A Diagnostic Evaluation for Oral Candidiasis. | journal=Chin J Dent Res | year= 2017 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 27-32 | pmid=28232964 | doi=10.3290/j.cjdr.a37739 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28232964  }} </ref>
 
===Non-infectious Causes===
====Nicotinic stomatitis====
*Smoking with a pipe<ref name="pmid14557730">{{cite journal| author=Taybos G| title=Oral changes associated with tobacco use. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2003 | volume= 326 | issue= 4 | pages= 179-82 | pmid=14557730 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14557730  }} </ref>
====Contact stomatitis====
*Aromatic substances in products used for oral hygiene<ref name="pmid28084550">{{cite journal| author=Larsen KR, Johansen JD, Reibel J, Zachariae C, Pedersen AM| title=Symptomatic oral lesions may be associated with contact allergy to substances in oral hygiene products. | journal=Clin Oral Investig | year= 2017 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=28084550 | doi=10.1007/s00784-017-2053-y | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28084550  }} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[A. Tosti]], [[B. M. Piraccini]] & [[A. M. Peluso]]
| title = Contact and irritant stomatitis
| journal = [[Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery]]
| volume = 16
| issue = 4
| pages = 314–319
| year = 1997
| month = December
| pmid = 9421224
}}</ref>
 
===Causes by Organ System===
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Kawasaki disease]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Bismuthia]], [[gold]], [[mercury poisoning]], [[nickel]], [[thallium]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Angular cheilitis]], [[angular cheilitis|angular stomatitis]], [[aphthous stomatitis]], [[aphthous ulcer]], [[burning mouth syndrome]], [[dentures]], [[desquamative gingivitis]], [[dry mouth]], [[herpetic gingivostomatitis]], [[hypertrophic gums]], [[nicotine stomatitis]], [[oral lesions]], oral submucous fibrosis, [[oral lesions|oral ulceration]], [[trench mouth]], [[gingivitis|ulcerative gingivitis]], [[Vincent's angina]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Behcet's disease]], [[bismuthia]], [[erythema multiforme]], [[gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions]], [[lip balm]], [[pemphigoid]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], [[vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]], [[warts]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acmella oleracea]], [[afatinib]], [[aflibercept]], [[alemtuzumab]], [[aminopterin]], [[chloroquine|aralen phosphate]], [[auranofin]], [[benzydamine]], [[bleomycin]], [[boceprevir]], [[busulfan]], [[cabozantinib]], [[capecitabine]], [[carboplatin]], [[cerubidine]], [[chemotherapy]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[chloroquine phosphate]], [[clofibrate]], [[cosmegen]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[cytosine arabinoside]], [[dacarbazine]], [[dactinomycin]], [[daptomycin]], [[daunorubicin]], [[docetaxel]], [[epirubicin]],[[eribulin]], [[etoposide]], [[everolimus]], [[floxuridine]], [[fluorouracil]], [[gemcitabine]], [[gemtuzumab ozogamicin]], [[gentamicin]], [[ginkgo biloba]], [[hexetidine]], [[ixabepilone]], [[ketorolac tromethamine]], [[lenvatinib]], [[levoleucovorin]], [[lincomycin hydrochloride]], [[lomustine]], [[loratadine]], [[melphalan]], [[methotrexate]], [[metronidazole]], [[mitomycin]], [[mitoxantrone]], [[nabumetone]], [[nicotine polacrilex]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[oxaprozin]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[palbociclib]], [[panitumumab]], [[paraplatin]], [[penicillin G potassium]], [[pentostatin]], peplomycin, [[pertuzumab]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[pixantrone]], [[pralatrexate]], [[pramipexole]], [[procainamide]], [[sargramostim]], [[sirolimus]], [[sodium aurothiomalate]], [[sorafenib]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[sulindac]], [[sunitinib]], [[temsirolimus]], [[thioguanine]], [[tiagabine]], [[tolmetin]], [[trametinib]], [[ziv-aflibercept]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[angular cheilitis|Angular stomatitis]], [[aphthous stomatitis]], [[aphthous ulcer]], [[glandular fever]], [[oropharyngeal cancer]], [[periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]], [[trench mouth]], [[palatine uvula|uvulitis]], [[Vincent's angina]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Glucagonoma]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Celiac disease]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[dysphagia]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[odynophagia]], [[oropharyngeal candidiasis]], [[ulcerative colitis]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Chronic granulomatous disease]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Agranulocytosis]], [[anemia]], [[cyclic neutropenia]], [[iron deficiency anemia]], [[leukemia]], [[neutropenia]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Irradiation]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aphthous stomatitis]], [[aphthous ulcer]], [[arbovirus]], [[baculovirus]], [[bovine papular stomatitis]], [[candidiasis]], [[coxsackie virus]], [[diphtheritic stomatitis]], [[ebola]], [[esophageal candidiasis]], [[feline calicivirus]], [[feline immunodeficiency virus]], [[gangrenous stomatitis]], [[glandular fever]], [[hand-foot-and-mouth disease]], [[herpangina]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[herpes zoster]], [[herpes]], [[herpetic gingivostomatitis]], [[HIV]], infectious stomatitis, [[lassa fever]], [[lichen planus]], [[Marburg virus]], [[noma (disease)]], [[oncolytic virus]], [[oropharyngeal candidiasis]], [[parapoxvirus]], [[periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]], [[syphilis]], [[trench mouth]], [[tuberculosis]], [[typhlitis]], [[vesicular stomatitis virus]], [[vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]], [[vesiculovirus]], [[Vincent's angina]], [[warts]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Odynophagia]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Parkinson's disease]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Angular cheilitis]], [[ariboflavinosis]], [[folate deficiency]], [[kwashiorkor]], [[lingzhi]], [[nutritional deficiency]], [[pyrophosphate]], [[vitamin B12 deficiency]], [[riboflavin|vitamin B2 deficiency]], [[vitamin B6 deficiency]], [[vitamin C deficiency]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Warts]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cancer]], [[glucagonoma]], [[leukemia]], [[oropharyngeal cancer]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Emotional stress]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Allergies]], [[autoimmune diseases]], [[Behcet's disease]], [[chronic granulomatous disease]], [[combined immunodeficiencies]], [[drug hypersensitivity]], [[gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions]], [[pemphigoid]], [[periodic fever syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Trauma]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Mucosa hemorrhage]]
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order<ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN140510368X</ref>===
{{columns-list|
*[[Acmella oleracea]]
*[[Afatinib]]
*[[Aflibercept]]
*[[Agranulocytosis]]
*[[Alemtuzumab]]
*[[Allergies]]
*[[Aminopterin]]
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Angular cheilitis]]
*[[angular cheilitis|Angular stomatitis]]
*[[Aphthous stomatitis]]
*[[Aphthous ulcer]]
*[[chloroquine|Aralen phosphate]]
*[[Arbovirus]]
*[[Ariboflavinosis]]
*[[Auranofin]]
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]
*[[Baculovirus]]
*[[Behcet's disease]]
*[[Benzydamine]]
*[[Bismuthia]]
*[[Bleomycin]]
*[[Bovine papular stomatitis]]
*[[Burning mouth syndrome]]
*[[Busulfan]]
*[[Cabozantinib]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Candidiasis]]
*[[Capecitabine]]
*[[Carboplatin]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Cerubidine]]
*[[Chemotherapy]]
*[[Chloramphenicol]]
*[[Chloroquine phosphate]]
*[[Chronic granulomatous disease]]
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Combined immunodeficiencies]]
*[[Cosmegen]]
*[[Coxsackie virus]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cyclic neutropenia]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Cytosine arabinoside]]
*[[Dacarbazine]]
*[[Dactinomycin]]
*[[Daptomycin]]
*[[Daunorubicin]]
*[[Dentures]]
*[[Desquamative gingivitis]]
*[[Diphtheritic stomatitis]]
*[[Docetaxel]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
*[[Drug hypersensitivity]]
*[[Dry mouth]]
*[[Dysphagia]]
*[[Ebola]]
*[[Emotional stress]]
*[[Epirubicin]]
*[[Eribulin]]
*[[Erythema multiforme]]
*[[Esophageal candidiasis]]
*[[Etoposide]]
*[[Everolimus]]
*[[Feline calicivirus]]
*[[Feline immunodeficiency virus]]
*[[Floxuridine]]
*[[Fluorouracil]]
*[[Folate deficiency]]
*[[Gangrenous stomatitis]]
*[[Gemcitabine]]
*[[Gemtuzumab ozogamicin]]
*[[Gentamicin]]
*[[Ginkgo biloba ]]
*[[Glandular fever]]
*[[Glucagonoma]]
*[[Gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions]]
*[[Gold]]
*[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease]]
*[[Herpangina]]
*[[Herpes]]
*[[Herpes simplex virus]]
*[[Herpes zoster]]
*[[Herpetic gingivostomatitis]]
*[[Hexetidine]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[Hypertrophic gums]]
*[[Infectious stomatitis]]
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[Iron deficiency anemia]]
*[[Irradiation]]
*[[Ixabepilone]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Ketorolac tromethamine]]
*[[Kwashiorkor]]
*[[Lassa fever]]
*[[Lenvatinib]]
*[[Leukemia]]
*[[Levoleucovorin]]
*[[Lichen planus]]
*[[Lincomycin hydrochloride]]
*[[Lingzhi]]
*[[Lip balm]]
*[[Lomustine]]
*[[Loratadine]]
*[[Marburg virus]]
*[[Melphalan]]
*[[Mercury poisoning]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Metronidazole]]
*[[Mitomycin]]
*[[Mitoxantrone]]
*[[Mucosa hemorrhage]]
*[[Nabumetone]]
*[[Neutropenia]]
*[[Nickel]]
*[[Nicotine polacrilex]]
*[[Nicotine stomatitis]]
*[[Noma (disease)]]
*[[Nutritional deficiency]]
*[[Odynophagia]]
*[[Oncolytic virus]]
*[[Oral lesions]]
*[[Oral submucous fibrosis]]
*[[oral lesions|Oral ulceration]]
*[[Oropharyngeal cancer]]
*[[Oropharyngeal candidiasis]]
*[[Oxaliplatin]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Oxcarbazepine]]
*[[Palbociclib]]
*[[Panitumumab]]
*[[Paraplatin]]
*[[Parapoxvirus]]
*[[Parkinson's disease]]
*[[Pemphigoid]]
*[[Penicillin G potassium]]
*[[Pentostatin]]
*[[Peplomycin]]
*[[Periodic fever syndrome]]
*[[Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]]
*[[Pertuzumab]]
*[[Phenylbutazone]]
*[[Pixantrone]]
*[[Pralatrexate]]
*[[Pramipexole]]
*[[Procainamide]]
*[[Pyrophosphate]]
*[[Sargramostim]]
*[[Sirolimus]]
*[[Sodium aurothiomalate]]
*[[Sorafenib]]
*[[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
*[[Sucralfate]]
*[[Sulfasalazine]]
*[[Sulindac]]
*[[Sunitinib]]
*[[Syphilis]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Temsirolimus]]
*[[Thallium]]
*[[Thioguanine]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
*[[Tolmetin]]
*[[Trametinib]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Trench mouth]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Typhlitis]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[gingivitis|Ulcerative gingivitis]]
*[[palatine uvula|Uvulitis]]
*[[Vesicular stomatitis virus]]
*[[Vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]]
*[[Vesiculovirus]]
*[[Vincent's angina]]
*[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
*[[riboflavin|Vitamin B2 deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin B6 deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin C deficiency]]
*[[Warts]]
*[[Ziv-aflibercept]]
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


{{WH}}
{{WS}}


[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2], Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]

Overview

Various pathogens including herpes virus, Ebola, HIV, lack of oral hygiene and nutritional deficiencies can cause stomatitis along with many other causes.[1][2]

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

The common causes of stomatitis include:[3][4][5]

Infectious Causes

Some causative factors for the infectious subtypes of stomatitis include:

HIV

The following pathogens can cause stomatitis in HIV:[6]

Necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis or Stomatitis gangrenosa or Noma

Causes of gangrenous stomatitis include:[7][8]

Trench mouth or Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

Bovine papular stomatitis

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Candidal Stomatitis

Non-infectious Causes

Nicotinic stomatitis

  • Smoking with a pipe[14]

Contact stomatitis

  • Aromatic substances in products used for oral hygiene[15][16]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Kawasaki disease
Chemical/Poisoning Bismuthia, gold, mercury poisoning, nickel, thallium
Dental Angular cheilitis, angular stomatitis, aphthous stomatitis, aphthous ulcer, burning mouth syndrome, dentures, desquamative gingivitis, dry mouth, herpetic gingivostomatitis, hypertrophic gums, nicotine stomatitis, oral lesions, oral submucous fibrosis, oral ulceration, trench mouth, ulcerative gingivitis, Vincent's angina
Dermatologic Behcet's disease, bismuthia, erythema multiforme, gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions, lip balm, pemphigoid, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, vesicular stomatitis with exanthem, warts
Drug Side Effect Acmella oleracea, afatinib, aflibercept, alemtuzumab, aminopterin, aralen phosphate, auranofin, benzydamine, bleomycin, boceprevir, busulfan, cabozantinib, capecitabine, carboplatin, cerubidine, chemotherapy, chloramphenicol, chloroquine phosphate, clofibrate, cosmegen, cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daptomycin, daunorubicin, docetaxel, epirubicin,eribulin, etoposide, everolimus, floxuridine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, gentamicin, ginkgo biloba, hexetidine, ixabepilone, ketorolac tromethamine, lenvatinib, levoleucovorin, lincomycin hydrochloride, lomustine, loratadine, melphalan, methotrexate, metronidazole, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, nabumetone, nicotine polacrilex, oxaliplatin, oxaprozin, oxcarbazepine, palbociclib, panitumumab, paraplatin, penicillin G potassium, pentostatin, peplomycin, pertuzumab, phenylbutazone, pixantrone, pralatrexate, pramipexole, procainamide, sargramostim, sirolimus, sodium aurothiomalate, sorafenib, sulfasalazine, sulindac, sunitinib, temsirolimus, thioguanine, tiagabine, tolmetin, trametinib, ziv-aflibercept
Ear Nose Throat Angular stomatitis, aphthous stomatitis, aphthous ulcer, glandular fever, oropharyngeal cancer, periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis, trench mouth, uvulitis, Vincent's angina
Endocrine Glucagonoma
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Celiac disease, Crohn's disease, dysphagia, inflammatory bowel disease, odynophagia, oropharyngeal candidiasis, ulcerative colitis
Genetic Chronic granulomatous disease
Hematologic Agranulocytosis, anemia, cyclic neutropenia, iron deficiency anemia, leukemia, neutropenia
Iatrogenic Irradiation
Infectious Disease Aphthous stomatitis, aphthous ulcer, arbovirus, baculovirus, bovine papular stomatitis, candidiasis, coxsackie virus, diphtheritic stomatitis, ebola, esophageal candidiasis, feline calicivirus, feline immunodeficiency virus, gangrenous stomatitis, glandular fever, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, herpes simplex virus, herpes zoster, herpes, herpetic gingivostomatitis, HIV, infectious stomatitis, lassa fever, lichen planus, Marburg virus, noma (disease), oncolytic virus, oropharyngeal candidiasis, parapoxvirus, periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis, syphilis, trench mouth, tuberculosis, typhlitis, vesicular stomatitis virus, vesicular stomatitis with exanthem, vesiculovirus, Vincent's angina, warts
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Odynophagia
Neurologic Parkinson's disease
Nutritional/Metabolic Angular cheilitis, ariboflavinosis, folate deficiency, kwashiorkor, lingzhi, nutritional deficiency, pyrophosphate, vitamin B12 deficiency, vitamin B2 deficiency, vitamin B6 deficiency, vitamin C deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Warts
Oncologic Cancer, glucagonoma, leukemia, oropharyngeal cancer
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric Emotional stress
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Allergies, autoimmune diseases, Behcet's disease, chronic granulomatous disease, combined immunodeficiencies, drug hypersensitivity, gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions, pemphigoid, periodic fever syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Trauma
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Mucosa hemorrhage

Causes in Alphabetical Order[17] [18]

References

  1. ↑ Magliocca KR, Fitzpatrick SG (2017). "Autoimmune Disease Manifestations in the Oral Cavity". Surg Pathol Clin. 10 (1): 57–88. doi:10.1016/j.path.2016.11.001. PMID 28153136.
  2. ↑ Pellicer Z, Santiago JM, Rodriguez A, Alonso V, Antón R, Bosca MM (2012). "Management of cutaneous disorders related to inflammatory bowel disease". Ann Gastroenterol. 25 (1): 21–26. PMC 3959344. PMID 24713996.
  3. ↑ Kolokotronis A, Doumas S (2006). "Herpes simplex virus infection, with particular reference to the progression and complications of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis". Clin Microbiol Infect. 12 (3): 202–11. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01336.x. PMID 16451405.
  4. ↑ R. Morgan, J. Tsang, N. Harrington & L. Fook (2001). "Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients". Postgraduate medical journal. 77 (908): 392–394. PMID 11375454. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Sonis ST (2004). "The pathobiology of mucositis". Nat Rev Cancer. 4 (4): 277–84. doi:10.1038/nrc1318. PMID 15057287.
  6. ↑ Ramírez-Amador V, Esquivel-Pedraza L, Sierra-Madero J, Anaya-Saavedra G, González-Ramírez I, Ponce-de-León S (2003). "The Changing Clinical Spectrum of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Related Oral Lesions in 1,000 Consecutive Patients: A 12-Year Study in a Referral Center in Mexico". Medicine (Baltimore). 82 (1): 39–50. PMID 12544709.
  7. ↑ Mandell; Gouglas, Gordon; Bennett, John. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Harvard Medical School: WILEY MEDICAL. p. 383. ISBN 0-471-87643-7. Unknown parameter |firs1t= ignored (help)​
  8. ↑ Zwetyenga N, See LA, Szwebel J, Beuste M, Aragou M, Oeuvrard C; et al. (2015). "[Noma]". Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac Chir Orale. 116 (4): 261–79. doi:10.1016/j.revsto.2015.06.009. PMID 26235765.
  9. ↑ Chan Y, Ma AP, Lacap-Bugler DC, Huo YB, Keung Leung W, Leung FC; et al. (2014). "Complete Genome Sequence for Treponema sp. OMZ 838 (ATCC 700772, DSM 16789), Isolated from a Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis Lesion". Genome Announc. 2 (6). doi:10.1128/genomeA.01333-14. PMC 4276824. PMID 25540346.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 ROBINSON CR, RHODES AJ (1961). "Vesicular exanthem and stomatitis. Report of an epidemic due to Coxsacke virus Group A, Type 16". N Engl J Med. 265: 1104–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM196111302652207. PMID 14492892.
  11. ↑ Mandell; Gouglas, Gordon; Bennett, John. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Harvard Medical School: WILEY MEDICAL. p. 988. ISBN 0-471-87643-7. Unknown parameter |firs1t= ignored (help)​
  12. ↑ Kurosaki Y, Okada S, Nakamae S, Yasuda J (2016). "A loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of bovine papular stomatitis virus". J Virol Methods. 238: 42–47. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.07.031. PMID 27751948.
  13. ↑ Zhou PR, Hua H, Liu XS (2017). "Quantity of Candida Colonies in Saliva: 
A Diagnostic Evaluation for Oral Candidiasis". Chin J Dent Res. 20 (1): 27–32. doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a37739. PMID 28232964.
  14. ↑ Taybos G (2003). "Oral changes associated with tobacco use". Am J Med Sci. 326 (4): 179–82. PMID 14557730.
  15. ↑ Larsen KR, Johansen JD, Reibel J, Zachariae C, Pedersen AM (2017). "Symptomatic oral lesions may be associated with contact allergy to substances in oral hygiene products". Clin Oral Investig. doi:10.1007/s00784-017-2053-y. PMID 28084550.
  16. ↑ A. Tosti, B. M. Piraccini & A. M. Peluso (1997). "Contact and irritant stomatitis". Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery. 16 (4): 314–319. PMID 9421224. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  18. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN140510368X

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