Interferon-gamma

Interferon-gamma
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alberto Plate [2]

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Overview

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Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult) in the drug label.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Interferon-gamma in adult patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Interferon-gamma in adult patients.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Interferon-gamma in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Interferon-gamma in pediatric patients.

Contraindications

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Contraindications in the drug label.

Warnings

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Warnings' in the drug label.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Clinical Trials Experience in the drug label.

Postmarketing Experience

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Postmarketing Experience in the drug label.

Drug Interactions

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Drug Interactions in the drug label.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): There is no FDA guidance on usage of Interferon-gamma in women who are pregnant.
Pregnancy Category (AUS): There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Interferon-gamma in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Interferon-gamma during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Interferon-gamma in women who are nursing.

Pediatric Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Interferon-gamma in pediatric settings.

Geriatic Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Interferon-gamma in geriatric settings.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Interferon-gamma with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Interferon-gamma with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Interferon-gamma in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Interferon-gamma in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Interferon-gamma in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Interferon-gamma in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Administration in the drug label.

Monitoring

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Monitoring in the drug label.

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Interferon-gamma and IV administrations.

Overdosage

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma overdosage. If you suspect drug poisoning or overdose, please contact the National Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) immediately.

Pharmacology

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Pharmacology in the drug label.

Mechanism of Action

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Mechanism of Action in the drug label.

Structure

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Structure in the drug label.

Pharmacodynamics

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Pharmacodynamics in the drug label.

Pharmacokinetics

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Pharmacokinetics in the drug label.

Nonclinical Toxicology

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Nonclinical Toxicology in the drug label.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Clinical Studies in the drug label.

How Supplied

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma How Supplied in the drug label.

Storage

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

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Package and Label Display Panel

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Patient Counseling Information

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Patient Counseling Information in the drug label.

Precautions with Alcohol

Alcohol-Interferon-gamma interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Brand Names in the drug label.

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Interferon-gamma Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Interferon, gamma
Interferon gamma, line representation
Identifiers
Symbols	IFNG ; IFG; IFI
External IDs	Template:OMIM5 Template:MGI HomoloGene: 55526
Gene ontology Molecular function Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Cellular component Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Biological process Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Template:GNF Ortholog box
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	n/a	n/a
Ensembl	n/a	n/a
UniProt	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	n/a	n/a
Location (UCSC)	n/a	n/a
PubMed search	n/a	n/a

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons. This interferon was originally called macrophage-activating factor.

Structure of IFN-γ

The IFN-γ monomer consists of a core of six α-helices and an extended unfolded sequence in the C-terminal region. This is shown in the structural models below. The α-helices in the core of the structure are numbered 1 to 6.

Line and cartoon representation of a IFN-γ monomer

The biologically active dimer is formed by anti-parallel inter-locking of the two monomers as shown below. In the cartoon model, one monomer is shown in red, the other in blue.

Line and cartoon representation of a IFN-γ dimer

The structural models shown above (see protein data bank code 1FG9) are all shortened at their C-termini by 17 amino acids. Full length IFN-γ is 143 amino acids in length, the models are 126 amino acids in length. Affinity for the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate resides solely within the deleted sequence of 17 amino acids.

Biological activity

In contrast to interferon-α and interferon-β which can be expressed by all cells, IFN-γ is secreted by Th1 cells, Tc cells, dendritic cells and NK cells. Also known as immune interferon, IFN-γ is the only Type II interferon. It is serologically distinct from Type I interferons and it is acid-labile, while the type I variants are acid-stable.

IFN-γ has antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anti-tumour properties. It alters transcription in up to 30 genes producing a variety of physiological and cellular responses. Amongst the effects are:

• Increase antigen presentation of macrophages.
• Activate and increase lysosome activity in macrophages
• Suppress Th2 cell activity.
• Cause normal cells to express class II MHC molecules
• Promotes adhesion and binding required for leukocyte migration
• Promotes NK cell activity

Activation by IFN-γ is achieved by its interaction with a heterodimeric receptor consisting of IFNGR1 & IFNGR2 (interferon gamma receptors). IFN-γ binding to the receptor activates the JAK-STAT pathway. In addition, IFN-γ activates APCs and promotes Th1 differentiation by upregulating the transcription factor T-bet.

IFN-γ is the hallmark cytokine of Th1 cells (Th2 cells produce IL-4). NK cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells also produce IFN-γ. IFN-γ suppresses osteoclast formation by rapidly degrading the RANK adaptor protein TRAF6 in the RANK-RANKL signaling pathway, which otherwise stimulates the production of NFκB.

Therapeutic uses

Interferon-gamma

File:Interferon-gamma.png
Clinical data
ATC code	L03AB03 (WHO)
Identifiers
IUPAC name Human interferon gamma-1b
CAS Number	82115-62-6 98059-61-1
DrugBank	BTD00017
E number	{{#property:P628}}
ECHA InfoCard	{{#property:P2566}}
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C761H1206N214O225S6
Molar mass	17145.6 g/mol

Interferons are used to treat infectious diseases and cancer.

Scientists at the University of California at Berkeley have recently discovered that Diindolylmethane (DIM), a naturally occurring compound found in Brassica vegetables, upon oral consumption, is a direct and potent activator of Interferon-Gamma production and sensitivity within the body leading the way for the study of this compound as an anti-viral, anti-bacterial and anti-cancer therapeutic. As this is a dietary compound found in edible vegetables, this has caused a lot of excitement in the immunology field. This compound has also been shown to synergize with Interferon-Gamma in the expression and potentiation of the MHC-I Complex, leading to its study as a possible adjuvant to Interferon-gamma therapeutic models.

Further reading

• Hall, Steven S. (1997) A Commotion in the Blood. New York, New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-5841-9
• Information on Interferon and how it relates to hepatitis c
• Ikeda H, Old LJ, Schreiber RD (2002). "The roles of IFN gamma in protection against tumor development and cancer immunoediting". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 13 (2): 95–109. PMID 11900986.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Chesler DA, Reiss CS (2003). "The role of IFN-gamma in immune responses to viral infections of the central nervous system". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 13 (6): 441–54. PMID 12401479.
• Dessein A, Kouriba B, Eboumbou C; et al. (2005). "Interleukin-13 in the skin and interferon-gamma in the liver are key players in immune protection in human schistosomiasis". Immunol. Rev. 201: 180–90. doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00195.x. PMID 15361241.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (2005). "Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection". Curr. HIV Res. 3 (1): 87–94. PMID 15638726.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Copeland KF (2006). "Modulation of HIV-1 transcription by cytokines and chemokines". Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry. 5 (12): 1093–101. PMID 16375755.
• Chiba H, Kojima T, Osanai M, Sawada N (2006). "The significance of interferon-gamma-triggered internalization of tight-junction proteins in inflammatory bowel disease". Sci. STKE. 2006 (316): pe1. doi:10.1126/stke.3162006pe1. PMID 16391178.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Tellides G, Pober JS (2007). "Interferon-gamma axis in graft arteriosclerosis". Circ. Res. 100 (5): 622–32. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000258861.72279.29. PMID 17363708.