Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) also known as cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PECAM1gene found on chromosome 17.[1][2][3][4] PECAM-1 plays a key role in removing aged neutrophils from the body.
CD31 is normally found on endothelial cells, platelets, macrophages and Kupffer cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, and NK cells), megakaryocytes, and osteoclasts.
CD31 is also expressed in certain tumors, including epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, epithelioid sarcoma-like hemangioendothelioma, other vascular tumors, histiocytic malignancies, and plasmacytomas. It is rarely found in some sarcomas, such as Kaposi's sarcoma,[5][6] and carcinomas.
Immunohistochemistry
In immunohistochemistry, CD31 is used primarily to demonstrate the presence of endothelial cells in histological tissue sections. This can help to evaluate the degree of tumor angiogenesis, which can imply a rapidly growing tumor. Malignant endothelial cells also commonly retain the antigen, so that CD31 immunohistochemistry can also be used to demonstrate both angiomas and angiosarcomas. It can also be demonstrated in small lymphocytic and lymphoblastic lymphomas, although more specific markers are available for these conditions.[7]
↑Newman PJ, Berndt MC, Gorski J, White GC, Lyman S, Paddock C, Muller WA (March 1990). "PECAM-1 (CD31) cloning and relation to adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily". Science. 247 (4947): 1219–22. doi:10.1126/science.1690453. PMID1690453.
↑Gumina RJ, Kirschbaum NE, Rao PN, vanTuinen P, Newman PJ (June 1996). "The human PECAM1 gene maps to 17q23". Genomics. 34 (2): 229–32. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0272. PMID8661055.
↑Xie Y, Muller WA (October 1996). "Fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of the mouse platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM1) to mouse chromosome 6, region F3-G1". Genomics. 37 (2): 226–8. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0546. PMID8921400.
↑Ganjei-Azar, Parvin (2007). Color Atlas of Immunocytochemistry in Diagnostic Cytology. [New York]: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. p. 47. ISBN978-0387-32121-9.
↑Paolo Gattuso, ed. (2010). Differential diagnosis in surgical pathology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 108. ISBN978-1-4160-4580-9.
↑Leong, Anthony S-Y; Cooper, Kumarason; Leong, F Joel W-M (2003). Manual of Diagnostic Cytology (2 ed.). Greenwich Medical Media, Ltd. p. 103. ISBN1-84110-100-1.
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Behar E, Chao NJ, Hiraki DD, Krishnaswamy S, Brown BW, Zehnder JL, Grumet FC (1996). "Polymorphism of adhesion molecule CD31 and its role in acute graft-versus-host disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 334 (5): 286–91. doi:10.1056/NEJM199602013340502. PMID8532023.
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Coukos G, Makrigiannakis A, Amin K, Albelda SM, Coutifaris C (1999). "Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 is expressed by a subpopulation of human trophoblasts: a possible mechanism for trophoblast-endothelial interaction during haemochorial placentation". Mol. Hum. Reprod. 4 (4): 357–67. doi:10.1093/molehr/4.4.357. PMID9620836.
Cao MY, Huber M, Beauchemin N, Famiglietti J, Albelda SM, Veillette A (1998). "Regulation of mouse PECAM-1 tyrosine phosphorylation by the Src and Csk families of protein-tyrosine kinases". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (25): 15765–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.25.15765. PMID9624175.