Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFITM1gene.[1][2] IFITM1 has also recently been designated CD225 (cluster of differentiation 225). This protein has several additional names: fragilis (human homolog of the mouse protein), IFI17 [interferon-induced protein 17], 9-27 [Interferon-inducible protein 9-27] and Leu13.
IFITM1 is a member of the IFITM family (Interferon-induced transmembrane protein) which is encoded by IFITM genes. The human IFITM genes locate on chromosome 11 and have four members: IFITM1, IFITM2, IFITM3 and IFITM5.[3] While the mouse Ifitm genes locate on chromosome 7 and 16 and have six members: Ifitm1, Ifitm2, Ifitm3, Ifitm5, Ifitm6 and Ifitm7.
The IFITM1 gene is located on the Watson (plus) strand of the short arm of chromosome 11 (11p15.5) and is 3,956 bases in length. The encoded protein has 125 amino acids (molecular weight 13.964 kDa).
It is an intrinsic membrane protein and is predicted to cross the membrane several times.
Structure and function
IFITM proteins have a short N-terminal and C-terminal domain, two transmembrane domains (TM1 and TM2) and a short cytoplasmic domain. The first transmembrane domain (TM1) and the cytoplasmic domain are conserved among different IFITM proteins in human and mouse.[4] In the absence of interferon stimulation, IFITM proteins can express broadly in tissues and cell lines. In human, ITITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3 are able to express in different tissues and cells while the expression of IFITM5 is limited to osteoblasts.[5] The type I and II interferon induce IFITM proteins expression significantly. IFITM proteins are involved in the physiological process of immune response signaling, germ cell maturation and development.[6]
Biochemistry
The gene is induced by interferon and the protein forms part of the signaling pathway.
Antiviral function of IFITM proteins
By using genomic screening for cellular factors which are involved in influenza A virus life cycle such as entry, replication and release, IFITM proteins have been identified as antiviral restriction factors for influenza A virus replication. Knockout IFITM3 increased influenza virus A replication and overexpression IFITM3 inhibits influenza virus A replication.[7] In addition to replication competent influenza A virus, IFITM proteins were able to inhibit retrovirus based psedotyped influenza A virus, indicating that IFITM protein inhibit influenza A virus at the early step of life cycle, may occur in the entry and fusion steps.
IFITM proteins also are able to inhibit several other enveloped viruses infection that belong to different virus families. These virus include flaviviruses (dengue virus and West Nile virus), filoviruses (Marburg virus and Ebola virus) coronaviruses (SARS coronavirus) and lentivirus (Human immunodeficiency virus).[8] However, IFITM proteins did not affect alphaviruses, arenaviruses and murine leukaemia virus infection.
Potential mechanisms.IFITM proteins inhibit viral membrane and cellular endosomal or lyso¬somal vesicles membrane fusion by modify lipid components or fluidity. IFITM proteins blocked the creation of hemifusion between viral membrane and cellular membrane. Furthermore, IFITM proteins reduced membrane fluidity and affected membrane curvature to restrict viral membrane fusion with the cellular membrane.[9] In addition, IFITM3 interacted with the cellular cholesterol regulatory proteins Vesicle-membrane-protein-associated protein A (VAPA) and oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) to induce intracellular cholesterol accumulation, which in turn blocked viral membrane and vesicles membrane fusion.[10]
References
↑Deblandre GA, Marinx OP, Evans SS, Majjaj S, Leo O, Caput D, Huez GA, Wathelet MG (Nov 1995). "Expression cloning of an interferon-inducible 17-kDa membrane protein implicated in the control of cell growth". J Biol Chem. 270 (40): 23860–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.40.23860. PMID7559564.
↑Tanaka SS, Yamaguchi YL, Tsoi B, Lickert H, Tam PP (December 2005). "IFITM/Mil/fragilis family proteins IFITM1 and IFITM3 play distinct roles in mouse primordial germ cell homing and repulsion". Dev. Cell. 9 (6): 745–56. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2005.10.010. PMID16326387.
↑Lewin AR, Reid LE, McMahon M, Stark GR, Kerr IM (July 1991). "Molecular analysis of a human interferon-inducible gene family". Eur. J. Biochem. 199 (2): 417–23. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16139.x. PMID1906403.
Bradbury LE, Kansas GS, Levy S, et al. (1992). "The CD19/CD21 signal transducing complex of human B lymphocytes includes the target of antiproliferative antibody-1 and Leu-13 molecules". J. Immunol. 149 (9): 2841–50. PMID1383329.
Takahashi S, Doss C, Levy S, Levy R (1990). "TAPA-1, the target of an antiproliferative antibody, is associated on the cell surface with the Leu-13 antigen". J. Immunol. 145 (7): 2207–13. PMID2398277.
Kelly JM, Gilbert CS, Stark GR, Kerr IM (1986). "Differential regulation of interferon-induced mRNAs and c-myc mRNA by alpha- and gamma-interferons". Eur. J. Biochem. 153 (2): 367–71. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09312.x. PMID3935435.
Friedman RL, Manly SP, McMahon M, et al. (1984). "Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of interferon-induced gene expression in human cells". Cell. 38 (3): 745–55. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90270-8. PMID6548414.
Kita K, Sugaya S, Zhai L, et al. (2003). "Involvement of LEU13 in interferon-induced refractoriness of human RSa cells to cell killing by X rays". Radiat. Res. 160 (3): 302–8. doi:10.1667/RR3039. PMID12926988.
Lehner B, Semple JI, Brown SE, et al. (2004). "Analysis of a high-throughput yeast two-hybrid system and its use to predict the function of intracellular proteins encoded within the human MHC class III region". Genomics. 83 (1): 153–67. doi:10.1016/S0888-7543(03)00235-0. PMID14667819.
Akyerli CB, Beksac M, Holko M, et al. (2005). "Expression of IFITM1 in chronic myeloid leukemia patients". Leuk. Res. 29 (3): 283–6. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2004.07.007. PMID15661263.
Yang Y, Lee JH, Kim KY, et al. (2005). "The interferon-inducible 9-27 gene modulates the susceptibility to natural killer cells and the invasiveness of gastric cancer cells". Cancer Lett. 221 (2): 191–200. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2004.08.022. PMID15808405.
Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, et al. (2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID16189514.