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<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Toll-like receptor 10''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR10'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid11267672">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chuang T, Ulevitch RJ | title = Identification of hTLR10: a novel human Toll-like receptor preferentially expressed in immune cells | journal = Biochim Biophys Acta | volume = 1518 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 157–61 |date=Mar 2001 | pmid = 11267672 | pmc =  | doi =  10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00289-x}}</ref> TLR10 has also been designated as '''CD290''' ([[cluster of differentiation]] 290).
| update_page = yes
TLR10 has not been extensively studied because it is a pseudogene in mice, though all other mammalian species contain an intact copy of the TLR10 gene. Unlike other TLRs, TLR10 does not activate the immune system and has instead been shown to suppress inflammatory signaling on primary human cells.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jiang S, Li X, Hess NJ, Guan Y, Tapping RI | title = TLR10 is a Negative Regulator of Both MyD88-Dependent and -Independent TLR Signaling | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 196| issue = 9 | pages = 3834–3841 |date=May 2016 | pmid = 27022193 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1502599 | pmc=4868647}}</ref> This makes TLR10 unique among the TLR family. No ligand is currently known for TLR10.
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_TLR10_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 2j67.
| PDB = {{PDB2|2j67}}
| Name = Toll-like receptor 10
| HGNCid = 15634
| Symbol = TLR10
| AltSymbols =; MGC104967; MGC126398; MGC126399
| OMIM = 606270
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 12809
| MGIid = 
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004888 |text = transmembrane receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016021 |text = integral to membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006954 |text = inflammatory response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045087 |text = innate immune response}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 81793
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000174123
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_001017388
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_001017388
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 4
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 38450255
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 38460984
    | Hs_Uniprot = Q9BXR5
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 
    | Mm_Ensembl = 
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = 
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 
    | Mm_Uniprot =
  }}
}}
'''Toll-like receptor 10''', also known as '''TLR10''', is a human [[gene]].


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the [[toll-like receptor]] (TLR) family which play a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of [[innate immunity]]. TLRs are highly conserved from ''[[Drosophila]]'' to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of [[cytokine]]s necessary for the development of effective immunity.
{{PBB_Summary
 
| section_title =
TLR10 is unique among the TLR family in having an anti-inflammatory function, rather than a pro-inflammatory function similar to the other TLR family members. This was discovered by over-expressing TLR10 in human cell lines and using antibody-mediated engagement of the receptor on primary human cells. When TLR10 is activated in this manner, it suppresses the amount of cytokines produced, as compared to control cells. TLR10 engagement also has long-term effects on monocyte and B cell activation/differentiation by suppressing the transcription of activation markers. TLR10's mechanism of action is not yet known but activation of the receptor has been shown to suppress NF-κB, MAP kinase and Akt signaling events stimulated by TLR and CD40 ligands.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hess NJ, Jiang S, Li X, Guan Y, Tapping RI | title = TLR10 Is a B Cell Intrinsic Suppressor of Adaptive Immune Responses | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 198| issue = 2 | pages = 699–707 |date=Jan 2017 | pmid = 27956526 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1601335 | pmc=5225023}}</ref> Currently, no ligand has been identified for this receptor.
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is most highly expressed in lymphoid tissues such as spleen, lymph node, thymus, and tonsil. Its exact function is not known. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TLR10 toll-like receptor 10| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=81793| accessdate = }}</ref>
 
}}
== Expression ==
 
TLR10 has been transcriptionally shown to be expressed in secondary lymphoid tissues such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils. More specifically, protein level expression of TLR10 has been shown on the surface of B cells, monocytes and neutrophils; but not on T cells. Monocytes have the highest expression of TLR10 among these cell types but the overall expression of TLR10 is low compared to other TLRs. TLR10 has also been shown to be produced intracellularly in neutrophils and B cells differentiating into plasma cells.
 
Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TLR10 toll-like receptor 10| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=81793| accessdate = }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Lien E, Ingalls RR |title=Toll-like receptors. |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=30 |issue= 1 Suppl |pages= S1–11 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11782555 |doi=10.1097/00003246-200201001-00001 }}
| citations =
*{{cite journal  | author=Lien E, Ingalls RR |title=Toll-like receptors. |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=30 |issue= 1 Suppl |pages= S1-11 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11782555 |doi=  }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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* {{MeshName|Toll-Like+Receptor+10}}
* {{MeshName|Toll-Like+Receptor+10}}


{{biochem-stub}}
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=81793}}
{{Immune receptors}}
{{Clusters of differentiation}}
{{TLR signaling pathway}}
 
[[Category:Clusters of differentiation]]
[[Category:Toll-like receptors|10]]
[[Category:Toll-like receptors|10]]
{{protein-stub}}
 
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
 
{{gene-4-stub}}

Latest revision as of 12:00, 10 January 2019

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Toll-like receptor 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR10 gene.[1] TLR10 has also been designated as CD290 (cluster of differentiation 290). TLR10 has not been extensively studied because it is a pseudogene in mice, though all other mammalian species contain an intact copy of the TLR10 gene. Unlike other TLRs, TLR10 does not activate the immune system and has instead been shown to suppress inflammatory signaling on primary human cells.[2] This makes TLR10 unique among the TLR family. No ligand is currently known for TLR10.

Function

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family which play a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity.

TLR10 is unique among the TLR family in having an anti-inflammatory function, rather than a pro-inflammatory function similar to the other TLR family members. This was discovered by over-expressing TLR10 in human cell lines and using antibody-mediated engagement of the receptor on primary human cells. When TLR10 is activated in this manner, it suppresses the amount of cytokines produced, as compared to control cells. TLR10 engagement also has long-term effects on monocyte and B cell activation/differentiation by suppressing the transcription of activation markers. TLR10's mechanism of action is not yet known but activation of the receptor has been shown to suppress NF-κB, MAP kinase and Akt signaling events stimulated by TLR and CD40 ligands.[3] Currently, no ligand has been identified for this receptor.

Expression

TLR10 has been transcriptionally shown to be expressed in secondary lymphoid tissues such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils. More specifically, protein level expression of TLR10 has been shown on the surface of B cells, monocytes and neutrophils; but not on T cells. Monocytes have the highest expression of TLR10 among these cell types but the overall expression of TLR10 is low compared to other TLRs. TLR10 has also been shown to be produced intracellularly in neutrophils and B cells differentiating into plasma cells.

Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.[4]

References

  1. ↑ Chuang T, Ulevitch RJ (Mar 2001). "Identification of hTLR10: a novel human Toll-like receptor preferentially expressed in immune cells". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1518 (1–2): 157–61. doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00289-x. PMID 11267672.
  2. ↑ Jiang S, Li X, Hess NJ, Guan Y, Tapping RI (May 2016). "TLR10 is a Negative Regulator of Both MyD88-Dependent and -Independent TLR Signaling". Journal of Immunology. 196 (9): 3834–3841. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1502599. PMC 4868647. PMID 27022193.
  3. ↑ Hess NJ, Jiang S, Li X, Guan Y, Tapping RI (Jan 2017). "TLR10 Is a B Cell Intrinsic Suppressor of Adaptive Immune Responses". Journal of Immunology. 198 (2): 699–707. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1601335. PMC 5225023. PMID 27956526.
  4. ↑ "Entrez Gene: TLR10 toll-like receptor 10".

Further reading

External links


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