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{{Infobox_gene}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
'''CD99 antigen''' ([[Cluster of differentiation]] 99), also known as '''MIC2''' or '''single-chain type-1 [[glycoprotein]]''', is a heavily O-glycosylated transmembrane [[protein]] that is encoded by the ''CD99'' [[gene]] in humans.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CD99 CD99 molecule| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4267| accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="pmid6188056">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goodfellow P, Banting G, Sheer D, Ropers HH, Caine A, Ferguson-Smith MA, Povey S, Voss R | title = Genetic evidence that a Y-linked gene in man is homologous to a gene on the X chromosome | journal = Nature | volume = 302 | issue = 5906 | pages = 346–9 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6188056 | doi = 10.1038/302346a0 }}</ref><ref name="Krisanaprakornkit">{{cite journal | vauthors = Krisanaprakornkit S, Chotjumlong P, Pata S, Chruewkamlow N, Reutrakul V, Kasinrerk W | title = CD99 ligation induces intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and secretion in human gingival fibroblasts | journal = Arch. Oral Biol. | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 82–93 |date=January 2013 | pmid = 22795566 | doi = 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.06.011 }}</ref> The protein has a mass of 32 kD.  Unusually for a gene present on the [[X chromosome]], the CD99 gene does not undergo [[X inactivation]], and it was the first such [[pseudoautosomal region|pseudoautosomal gene]] to be discovered in humans.<ref name=Leong>{{cite book | vauthors = ((Leong AS-Y)), Cooper K, ((Leong FJW-M)) | year = 2003 | title = Manual of Diagnostic Cytology | edition = 2nd | publisher = Greenwich Medical Media, Ltd. | pages = 145–146 | isbn = 1-84110-100-1 }}</ref>
'''CD99 antigen''' ([[Cluster of differentiation]] 99), also known as '''MIC2''' or '''single-chain type-1 [[glycoprotein]]''', is a heavily O-glycosylated transmembrane [[protein]] that is encoded by the ''CD99'' [[gene]] in humans.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CD99 CD99 molecule| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4267| accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="pmid6188056">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goodfellow P, Banting G, Sheer D, Ropers HH, Caine A, Ferguson-Smith MA, Povey S, Voss R | title = Genetic evidence that a Y-linked gene in man is homologous to a gene on the X chromosome | journal = Nature | volume = 302 | issue = 5906 | pages = 346–9 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6188056 | doi = 10.1038/302346a0 }}</ref><ref name="Krisanaprakornkit">{{cite journal | vauthors = Krisanaprakornkit S, Chotjumlong P, Pata S, Chruewkamlow N, Reutrakul V, Kasinrerk W | title = CD99 ligation induces intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and secretion in human gingival fibroblasts | journal = Arch. Oral Biol. | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 82–93 |date=January 2013 | pmid = 22795566 | doi = 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.06.011 }}</ref> The protein has a mass of 32 kD.  Unusually for a gene present on the [[X chromosome]], the CD99 gene does not undergo [[X inactivation]], and it was the first such [[pseudoautosomal region|pseudoautosomal gene]] to be discovered in humans.<ref name=Leong>{{cite book | vauthors = ((Leong AS-Y)), Cooper K, ((Leong FJW-M)) | year = 2003 | title = Manual of Diagnostic Cytology | edition = 2nd | publisher = Greenwich Medical Media, Ltd. | pages = 145–146 | isbn = 978-1-84110-100-2 }}</ref>


==Expression==
==Expression==
It is expressed on all [[leukocytes]] but highest on [[thymocytes]]<ref name="pmid8399135">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aussel C, Bernard G, Breittmayer JP, Pelassy C, Zoccola D, Bernard A | title = Monoclonal antibodies directed against the E2 protein (MIC2 gene product) induce exposure of phosphatidylserine at the thymocyte cell surface | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 32 | issue = 38 | pages = 10096–101 |date=September 1993 | pmid = 8399135 | doi = 10.1021/bi00089a027 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7506950">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dworzak MN, Fritsch G, Buchinger P, Fleischer C, Printz D, Zellner A, Schöllhammer A, Steiner G, Ambros PF, Gadner H | title = Flow cytometric assessment of human MIC2 expression in bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral blood | journal = Blood | volume = 83 | issue = 2 | pages = 415–25 |date=January 1994 | pmid = 7506950 | doi = }}</ref><ref name="pmid9670951">{{cite journal | vauthors = Choi EY, Park WS, Jung KC, Kim SH, Kim YY, Lee WJ, Park SH| title = Engagement of CD99 induces up-regulation of TCR and MHC class I and II molecules on the surface of human thymocytes | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 161 | issue = 2 | pages = 749–54 |date=July 1998 | pmid = 9670951 | doi = | url = http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9670951 }}</ref> and is believed to augment [[T cell|T-cell]] [[cell adhesion|adhesion]] <ref name="pmid11069091">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bernard G, Raimondi V, Alberti I, Pourtein M, Widjenes J, Ticchioni M, Bernard A| title = CD99 (E2) up-regulates alpha4beta1-dependent T cell adhesion to inflamed vascular endothelium under flow conditions | journal = European Journal of Immunology | volume = 30 | issue = 10 | pages = 3061–5 |date=October 2000 | pmid = 11069091 | doi = 10.1002/1521-4141(200010)30:10<3061::AID-IMMU3061>3.0.CO;2-M  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10709783">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kasinrerk W, Tokrasinwit N, Moonsom S, Stockinger H | title = CD99 monoclonal antibody induce homotypic adhesion of Jurkat cells through protein tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C-dependent pathway | journal = Immunology letters | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–41 |date=January 2000 | pmid = 10709783 | doi = 10.1016/S0165-2478(99)00165-0| url = }}</ref> and [[apoptosis]] of double positive t cells.<ref name="pmid9058785">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bernard G, Breittmayer JP, de Matteis M, Trampont P, Hofman P, Senik A, Bernard A | title = Apoptosis of immature thymocytes mediated by E2/CD99 | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 158 | issue = 6 | pages = 2543–50 |date=March 1997 | pmid = 9058785 | doi =  }}</ref> It has been found in endothelial cells and in the periodontium, including gingival fibroblasts and gingival epithelial cells.<ref name=Krisanaprakornkit /> It also participates in [[cell migration|migration]] and activation.<ref name="pmid17464179">{{cite journal | vauthors = Oh KI, Kim BK, Ban YL, Choi EY, Jung KC, Lee IS, Park SH | title = CD99 activates T cells via a costimulatory function that promotes raft association of TCR complex and tyrosine phosphorylation of TCR zeta | journal = [[Experimental & Molecular Medicine]] | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 176–84 |date=April 2007 | pmid = 17464179 | doi = 10.1038/emm.2007.20| url = http://www.e-emm.org/search_read.htm?page=176&year=2007&vol=39 }}</ref> There is also experimental evidence that it binds to [[cyclophilin|cyclophilin A]].<ref name="pmid15388255">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim HJ, Chong KH, Kang SW, Lee JR, Kim JY, Hahn MJ, Kim TJ| title = Identification of cyclophilin A as a CD99-binding protein by yeast two-hybrid screening | journal = Immunology letters | volume = 95 | issue = 2 | pages = 155–9 |date=September 2004 | pmid = 15388255 | doi = 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.07.001 }}</ref>
It is expressed on all [[leukocytes]] but highest on [[thymocytes]]<ref name="pmid8399135">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aussel C, Bernard G, Breittmayer JP, Pelassy C, Zoccola D, Bernard A | title = Monoclonal antibodies directed against the E2 protein (MIC2 gene product) induce exposure of phosphatidylserine at the thymocyte cell surface | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 32 | issue = 38 | pages = 10096–101 |date=September 1993 | pmid = 8399135 | doi = 10.1021/bi00089a027 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7506950">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dworzak MN, Fritsch G, Buchinger P, Fleischer C, Printz D, Zellner A, Schöllhammer A, Steiner G, Ambros PF, Gadner H | title = Flow cytometric assessment of human MIC2 expression in bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral blood | journal = Blood | volume = 83 | issue = 2 | pages = 415–25 |date=January 1994 | pmid = 7506950 | doi = }}</ref><ref name="pmid9670951">{{cite journal | vauthors = Choi EY, Park WS, Jung KC, Kim SH, Kim YY, Lee WJ, Park SH| title = Engagement of CD99 induces up-regulation of TCR and MHC class I and II molecules on the surface of human thymocytes | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 161 | issue = 2 | pages = 749–54 |date=July 1998 | pmid = 9670951 | doi = | url = http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9670951 }}</ref> and is believed to augment [[T cell|T-cell]] [[cell adhesion|adhesion]] <ref name="pmid11069091">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bernard G, Raimondi V, Alberti I, Pourtein M, Widjenes J, Ticchioni M, Bernard A| title = CD99 (E2) up-regulates alpha4beta1-dependent T cell adhesion to inflamed vascular endothelium under flow conditions | journal = European Journal of Immunology | volume = 30 | issue = 10 | pages = 3061–5 |date=October 2000 | pmid = 11069091 | doi = 10.1002/1521-4141(200010)30:10<3061::AID-IMMU3061>3.0.CO;2-M  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10709783">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kasinrerk W, Tokrasinwit N, Moonsom S, Stockinger H | title = CD99 monoclonal antibody induce homotypic adhesion of Jurkat cells through protein tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C-dependent pathway | journal = Immunology Letters | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–41 |date=January 2000 | pmid = 10709783 | doi = 10.1016/S0165-2478(99)00165-0| url = }}</ref> and [[apoptosis]] of double positive t cells.<ref name="pmid9058785">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bernard G, Breittmayer JP, de Matteis M, Trampont P, Hofman P, Senik A, Bernard A | title = Apoptosis of immature thymocytes mediated by E2/CD99 | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 158 | issue = 6 | pages = 2543–50 |date=March 1997 | pmid = 9058785 | doi =  }}</ref> It has been found in endothelial cells and in the periodontium, including gingival fibroblasts and gingival epithelial cells.<ref name=Krisanaprakornkit /> It also participates in [[cell migration|migration]] and activation.<ref name="pmid17464179">{{cite journal | vauthors = Oh KI, Kim BK, Ban YL, Choi EY, Jung KC, Lee IS, Park SH | title = CD99 activates T cells via a costimulatory function that promotes raft association of TCR complex and tyrosine phosphorylation of TCR zeta | journal = [[Experimental & Molecular Medicine]] | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 176–84 |date=April 2007 | pmid = 17464179 | doi = 10.1038/emm.2007.20| url = http://www.e-emm.org/search_read.htm?page=176&year=2007&vol=39 }}</ref> There is also experimental evidence that it binds to [[cyclophilin|cyclophilin A]].<ref name="pmid15388255">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim HJ, Chong KH, Kang SW, Lee JR, Kim JY, Hahn MJ, Kim TJ| title = Identification of cyclophilin A as a CD99-binding protein by yeast two-hybrid screening | journal = Immunology Letters | volume = 95 | issue = 2 | pages = 155–9 |date=September 2004 | pmid = 15388255 | doi = 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.07.001 }}</ref>


It is found on the cell surface of [[Ewing's sarcoma]] tumors <ref name="Rocchi">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rocchi A, Manara MC, Sciandra M, Zambelli D, Nardi F, Nicoletti G, Garofalo C, Meschini S, Astolfi A, Colombo MP, Lessnick SL, Picci P, Scotlandi K | title = CD99 inhibits neural differentiation of human Ewing sarcoma cells and thereby contributes to oncogenesis | journal = J. Clin. Invest. | volume = 120 | issue = 3 | pages = 668–80 |date=March 2010 | pmid = 20197622 | pmc = 2827943 | doi = 10.1172/JCI36667  }}</ref> and is positive in [[granulosa cell tumor]]s.<ref name="urlNordiQC">{{cite web | url = http://www.nordiqc.org/Run-12/Assessment/assessment-CD99.htm | title = CD99 | work = NordiQC }}</ref> It is more expressed in malignant gliomas than in the brain, and such overexpression results in higher levels of invasiveness and lower rates of survival.<ref name="Seol">{{cite journal | vauthors = Seol HJ, Chang JH, Yamamoto J, Romagnuolo R, Suh Y, Weeks A, Agnihotri S, Smith CA, Rutka JT | title = Overexpression of CD99 Increases the Migration and Invasiveness of Human Malignant Glioma Cells | journal = Genes Cancer | volume = 3 | issue = 9–10 | pages = 535–49 |date=September 2012 | pmid = 23486730 | pmc = 3591096 | doi = 10.1177/1947601912473603 | url = }}</ref> Antibodies to CD99 are used in diagnostic [[immunohistochemistry]] to distinguish Ewing's sarcoma from other tumours of similar histological appearance, as well as for the identification of [[thymus|thymic]] tumours, and of spindle cell tumours, such as [[synovial sarcoma]], [[haemangiopericytoma]], and [[meningioma]].<ref name=Leong/> EWS/FLI is thought to regulate CD99, but knockdown of EWS/FLI results in only a modest reduction in CD99. When CD99 expression is knocked down in human cells with Ewing’s sarcoma and those cells are grafted onto mice, tumor and bone metastasis development is reduced.<ref name=Rocchi />
It is found on the cell surface of [[Ewing's sarcoma]] tumors <ref name="Rocchi">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rocchi A, Manara MC, Sciandra M, Zambelli D, Nardi F, Nicoletti G, Garofalo C, Meschini S, Astolfi A, Colombo MP, Lessnick SL, Picci P, Scotlandi K | title = CD99 inhibits neural differentiation of human Ewing sarcoma cells and thereby contributes to oncogenesis | journal = J. Clin. Invest. | volume = 120 | issue = 3 | pages = 668–80 |date=March 2010 | pmid = 20197622 | pmc = 2827943 | doi = 10.1172/JCI36667  }}</ref> and is positive in [[granulosa cell tumor]]s.<ref name="urlNordiQC">{{cite web | url = http://www.nordiqc.org/Run-12/Assessment/assessment-CD99.htm | title = CD99 | work = NordiQC }}</ref> It is more expressed in malignant gliomas than in the brain, and such overexpression results in higher levels of invasiveness and lower rates of survival.<ref name="Seol">{{cite journal | vauthors = Seol HJ, Chang JH, Yamamoto J, Romagnuolo R, Suh Y, Weeks A, Agnihotri S, Smith CA, Rutka JT | title = Overexpression of CD99 Increases the Migration and Invasiveness of Human Malignant Glioma Cells | journal = Genes Cancer | volume = 3 | issue = 9–10 | pages = 535–49 |date=September 2012 | pmid = 23486730 | pmc = 3591096 | doi = 10.1177/1947601912473603 | url = }}</ref> Antibodies to CD99 are used in diagnostic [[immunohistochemistry]] to distinguish Ewing's sarcoma from other tumours of similar histological appearance, as well as for the identification of [[thymus|thymic]] tumours, and of spindle cell tumours, such as [[synovial sarcoma]], [[haemangiopericytoma]], and [[meningioma]].<ref name=Leong/> EWS/FLI is thought to regulate CD99, but knockdown of EWS/FLI results in only a modest reduction in CD99. When CD99 expression is knocked down in human cells with Ewing’s sarcoma and those cells are grafted onto mice, tumor and bone metastasis development is reduced.<ref name=Rocchi />
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Reducing CD99 expression results in higher β-III tubulin expression and more neurite outgrowth.<ref name=Rocchi />
Reducing CD99 expression results in higher β-III tubulin expression and more neurite outgrowth.<ref name=Rocchi />


Upregulating CD99 expression in the cell line L428, a Hodgkin’s lymphoma line, resulted in those cells redifferentiating towards B cells.  Consequently, the loss of B-cell differentiation in Hodgkin’s lymphoma may be due to CD99 downregulation.<ref name="Zhou">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou XH, Huang XP, Huang ZP, Wang ZQ, Zhao T | title = [CD99 regulates redifferentiation of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma cell line L428 towards B cells] | language = Chinese | journal = Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 235–8 |date=February 2013 | pmid = 23443779 | doi =  }}</ref>
Upregulating CD99 expression in the cell line L428, a Hodgkin’s lymphoma line, resulted in those cells redifferentiating towards B cells.  Consequently, the loss of B-cell differentiation in Hodgkin’s lymphoma may be due to CD99 downregulation.<ref name="Zhou">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou XH, Huang XP, Huang ZP, Wang ZQ, Zhao T | title = [CD99 regulates redifferentiation of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma cell line L428 towards B cells] | language = Chinese | journal = Nan Fang Yi Ke da Xue Xue Bao | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 235–8 |date=February 2013 | pmid = 23443779 | doi =  }}</ref>


Men appear to express higher levels of CD99 than women.<ref name="Lefèvre">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lefèvre N, Corazza F, Duchateau J, Desir J, Casimir G | title = Sex differences in inflammatory cytokines and CD99 expression following in vitro lipopolysaccharide stimulation | journal = Shock | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–42 |date=July 2012 | pmid = 22575993 | doi = 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3182571e46 }}</ref>
Men appear to express higher levels of CD99 than women.<ref name="Lefèvre">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lefèvre N, Corazza F, Duchateau J, Desir J, Casimir G | title = Sex differences in inflammatory cytokines and CD99 expression following in vitro lipopolysaccharide stimulation | journal = Shock | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–42 |date=July 2012 | pmid = 22575993 | doi = 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3182571e46 }}</ref>
Line 35: Line 35:
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Gordon MD, Corless C, Renshaw AA, Beckstead J |title=CD99, keratin, and vimentin staining of sex cord-stromal tumors, normal ovary, and testis |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=11 |issue= 8 |pages= 769–73 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9720506 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Gordon MD, Corless C, Renshaw AA, Beckstead J |title=CD99, keratin, and vimentin staining of sex cord-stromal tumors, normal ovary, and testis |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=11 |issue= 8 |pages= 769–73 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9720506 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Fouchet C, Gane P, Cartron JP, Lopez C |title=Quantitative analysis of XG blood group and CD99 antigens on human red cells |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=51 |issue= 8–9 |pages= 688–94 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10941840 |doi=10.1007/s002510000193  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Fouchet C, Gane P, Cartron JP, Lopez C |title=Quantitative analysis of XG blood group and CD99 antigens on human red cells |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=51 |issue= 8–9 |pages= 688–94 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10941840 |doi=10.1007/s002510000193  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Jung KC, Park WS, Bae YM, Hahn JH, Hahn K, Lee H, Lee HW, Koo HJ, Shin HJ, Shin HS, Park YE, Park SH |title=Immunoreactivity of CD99 in stomach cancer |journal=J. Korean Med. Sci. |volume=17 |issue= 4 |pages= 483–9 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12172043 |doi=  | pmc=3054910  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Jung KC, Park WS, Bae YM, Hahn JH, Hahn K, Lee H, Lee HW, Koo HJ, Shin HJ, Shin HS, Park YE, Park SH |title=Immunoreactivity of CD99 in stomach cancer |journal=J. Korean Med. Sci. |volume=17 |issue= 4 |pages= 483–9 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12172043 |doi=  10.3346/jkms.2002.17.4.483| pmc=3054910  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Lee HJ, Kim E, Jee B, Hahn JH, Han K, Jung KC, Park SH, Lee H |title=Functional involvement of src and focal adhesion kinase in a CD99 splice variant-induced motility of human breast cancer cells |journal= [[Experimental & Molecular Medicine]] |volume=34 |issue= 3 |pages= 177–83 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12216109 |doi=10.1038/emm.2002.26  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Lee HJ, Kim E, Jee B, Hahn JH, Han K, Jung KC, Park SH, Lee H |title=Functional involvement of src and focal adhesion kinase in a CD99 splice variant-induced motility of human breast cancer cells |journal= [[Experimental & Molecular Medicine]] |volume=34 |issue= 3 |pages= 177–83 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12216109 |doi=10.1038/emm.2002.26  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Veräjäkorva E, Laato M, Pöllänen P |title=CD 99 and CD 106 (VCAM-1) in human testis |journal=Asian J. Androl. |volume=4 |issue= 4 |pages= 243–8 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12508122 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Veräjäkorva E, Laato M, Pöllänen P |title=CD 99 and CD 106 (VCAM-1) in human testis |journal=Asian J. Androl. |volume=4 |issue= 4 |pages= 243–8 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12508122 |doi=  }}

Revision as of 03:53, 9 November 2018

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CD99 antigen (Cluster of differentiation 99), also known as MIC2 or single-chain type-1 glycoprotein, is a heavily O-glycosylated transmembrane protein that is encoded by the CD99 gene in humans.[1][2][3] The protein has a mass of 32 kD. Unusually for a gene present on the X chromosome, the CD99 gene does not undergo X inactivation, and it was the first such pseudoautosomal gene to be discovered in humans.[4]

Expression

It is expressed on all leukocytes but highest on thymocytes[5][6][7] and is believed to augment T-cell adhesion [8][9] and apoptosis of double positive t cells.[10] It has been found in endothelial cells and in the periodontium, including gingival fibroblasts and gingival epithelial cells.[3] It also participates in migration and activation.[11] There is also experimental evidence that it binds to cyclophilin A.[12]

It is found on the cell surface of Ewing's sarcoma tumors [13] and is positive in granulosa cell tumors.[14] It is more expressed in malignant gliomas than in the brain, and such overexpression results in higher levels of invasiveness and lower rates of survival.[15] Antibodies to CD99 are used in diagnostic immunohistochemistry to distinguish Ewing's sarcoma from other tumours of similar histological appearance, as well as for the identification of thymic tumours, and of spindle cell tumours, such as synovial sarcoma, haemangiopericytoma, and meningioma.[4] EWS/FLI is thought to regulate CD99, but knockdown of EWS/FLI results in only a modest reduction in CD99. When CD99 expression is knocked down in human cells with Ewing’s sarcoma and those cells are grafted onto mice, tumor and bone metastasis development is reduced.[13]

Reducing CD99 expression results in higher β-III tubulin expression and more neurite outgrowth.[13]

Upregulating CD99 expression in the cell line L428, a Hodgkin’s lymphoma line, resulted in those cells redifferentiating towards B cells. Consequently, the loss of B-cell differentiation in Hodgkin’s lymphoma may be due to CD99 downregulation.[16]

Men appear to express higher levels of CD99 than women.[17]

Prognostic Value

In patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with the germinal center B-cell (GCB, classified according to the Muris algorithm) subtype, positive expression of CD99 resulted in better 2-year event free survival (EFS) and 2-year overall survival (OS) compared to negative expression of CD99. In patients with DLBCL with non-GCB, however, negative expression of CD99 resulted in better 2-year EFS and 2-year OS.[18] In patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), higher CD99 expression in the stroma results in better prognosis.[19]

Interactions

There is evidence that through suppressing β1 integrin affinity, CD99 inhibits cell-extracellular matrix adhesion.[20]

References

  1. ↑ "Entrez Gene: CD99 CD99 molecule".
  2. ↑ Goodfellow P, Banting G, Sheer D, Ropers HH, Caine A, Ferguson-Smith MA, Povey S, Voss R (1983). "Genetic evidence that a Y-linked gene in man is homologous to a gene on the X chromosome". Nature. 302 (5906): 346–9. doi:10.1038/302346a0. PMID 6188056.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Krisanaprakornkit S, Chotjumlong P, Pata S, Chruewkamlow N, Reutrakul V, Kasinrerk W (January 2013). "CD99 ligation induces intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and secretion in human gingival fibroblasts". Arch. Oral Biol. 58 (1): 82–93. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.06.011. PMID 22795566.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Leong AS-Y, Cooper K, Leong FJW-M (2003). Manual of Diagnostic Cytology (2nd ed.). Greenwich Medical Media, Ltd. pp. 145–146. ISBN 978-1-84110-100-2.
  5. ↑ Aussel C, Bernard G, Breittmayer JP, Pelassy C, Zoccola D, Bernard A (September 1993). "Monoclonal antibodies directed against the E2 protein (MIC2 gene product) induce exposure of phosphatidylserine at the thymocyte cell surface". Biochemistry. 32 (38): 10096–101. doi:10.1021/bi00089a027. PMID 8399135.
  6. ↑ Dworzak MN, Fritsch G, Buchinger P, Fleischer C, Printz D, Zellner A, Schöllhammer A, Steiner G, Ambros PF, Gadner H (January 1994). "Flow cytometric assessment of human MIC2 expression in bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral blood". Blood. 83 (2): 415–25. PMID 7506950.
  7. ↑ Choi EY, Park WS, Jung KC, Kim SH, Kim YY, Lee WJ, Park SH (July 1998). "Engagement of CD99 induces up-regulation of TCR and MHC class I and II molecules on the surface of human thymocytes". Journal of Immunology. 161 (2): 749–54. PMID 9670951.
  8. ↑ Bernard G, Raimondi V, Alberti I, Pourtein M, Widjenes J, Ticchioni M, Bernard A (October 2000). "CD99 (E2) up-regulates alpha4beta1-dependent T cell adhesion to inflamed vascular endothelium under flow conditions". European Journal of Immunology. 30 (10): 3061–5. doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200010)30:10<3061::AID-IMMU3061>3.0.CO;2-M. PMID 11069091.
  9. ↑ Kasinrerk W, Tokrasinwit N, Moonsom S, Stockinger H (January 2000). "CD99 monoclonal antibody induce homotypic adhesion of Jurkat cells through protein tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C-dependent pathway". Immunology Letters. 71 (1): 33–41. doi:10.1016/S0165-2478(99)00165-0. PMID 10709783.
  10. ↑ Bernard G, Breittmayer JP, de Matteis M, Trampont P, Hofman P, Senik A, Bernard A (March 1997). "Apoptosis of immature thymocytes mediated by E2/CD99". Journal of Immunology. 158 (6): 2543–50. PMID 9058785.
  11. ↑ Oh KI, Kim BK, Ban YL, Choi EY, Jung KC, Lee IS, Park SH (April 2007). "CD99 activates T cells via a costimulatory function that promotes raft association of TCR complex and tyrosine phosphorylation of TCR zeta". Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 39 (2): 176–84. doi:10.1038/emm.2007.20. PMID 17464179.
  12. ↑ Kim HJ, Chong KH, Kang SW, Lee JR, Kim JY, Hahn MJ, Kim TJ (September 2004). "Identification of cyclophilin A as a CD99-binding protein by yeast two-hybrid screening". Immunology Letters. 95 (2): 155–9. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2004.07.001. PMID 15388255.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Rocchi A, Manara MC, Sciandra M, Zambelli D, Nardi F, Nicoletti G, Garofalo C, Meschini S, Astolfi A, Colombo MP, Lessnick SL, Picci P, Scotlandi K (March 2010). "CD99 inhibits neural differentiation of human Ewing sarcoma cells and thereby contributes to oncogenesis". J. Clin. Invest. 120 (3): 668–80. doi:10.1172/JCI36667. PMC 2827943. PMID 20197622.
  14. ↑ "CD99". NordiQC.
  15. ↑ Seol HJ, Chang JH, Yamamoto J, Romagnuolo R, Suh Y, Weeks A, Agnihotri S, Smith CA, Rutka JT (September 2012). "Overexpression of CD99 Increases the Migration and Invasiveness of Human Malignant Glioma Cells". Genes Cancer. 3 (9–10): 535–49. doi:10.1177/1947601912473603. PMC 3591096. PMID 23486730.
  16. ↑ Zhou XH, Huang XP, Huang ZP, Wang ZQ, Zhao T (February 2013). "[CD99 regulates redifferentiation of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma cell line L428 towards B cells]". Nan Fang Yi Ke da Xue Xue Bao (in Chinese). 33 (2): 235–8. PMID 23443779.
  17. ↑ Lefèvre N, Corazza F, Duchateau J, Desir J, Casimir G (July 2012). "Sex differences in inflammatory cytokines and CD99 expression following in vitro lipopolysaccharide stimulation". Shock. 38 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1097/SHK.0b013e3182571e46. PMID 22575993.
  18. ↑ Hong J, Park S, Park J, Jang SJ, Ahn HK, Sym SJ, Cho EK, Shin DB, Lee JH (December 2012). "CD99 expression and newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-CHOP immunochemotherapy". Ann. Hematol. 91 (12): 1897–906. doi:10.1007/s00277-012-1533-z. PMID 22864685.
  19. ↑ Edlund K, Lindskog C, Saito A, Berglund A, Pontén F, Göransson-Kultima H, Isaksson A, Jirström K, Planck M, Johansson L, Lambe M, Holmberg L, Nyberg F, Ekman S, Bergqvist M, Landelius P, Lamberg K, Botling J, Ostman A, Micke P (November 2012). "CD99 is a novel prognostic stromal marker in non-small cell lung cancer". Int. J. Cancer. 131 (10): 2264–73. doi:10.1002/ijc.27518. PMID 22392539.
  20. ↑ Lee KJ, Lee SH, Yadav BK, Ju HM, Kim MS, Park JH, Jeoung D, Lee H, Hahn JH (March 2012). "The activation of CD99 inhibits cell-extracellular matrix adhesion by suppressing β(1) integrin affinity". BMB Rep. 45 (3): 159–64. doi:10.5483/BMBRep.2012.45.3.159. PMID 22449702.

Further reading

External links

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