DC-SIGN (Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin) also known as CD209 (Cluster of Differentiation 209) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CD209 gene.[1]
DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin receptor present on the surface of both macrophages and dendritic cells. DC-SIGN on macrophages recognises and binds to mannose type carbohydrates, a class of pathogen associated molecular patterns PAMPs commonly found on viruses, bacteria and fungi. This binding interaction activates phagocytosis.[2] On myeloid and pre-plasmacytoid dendritic cells DC-SIGN mediates dendritic cell rolling interactions with blood endothelium and activation of CD4+ T cells, as well as recognition of pathogen haptens.
DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin and has a high affinity for the ICAM3 molecule.[3] It binds various microorganisms by recognizing high-mannose-containing glycoproteins on their envelopes and especially functions as receptor for several viruses such as HIV and Hepatitis C.[4][5][6] Binding to DC-SIGN can promote HIV and Hepatitis C virus to infect T-cell from dendritic cells.[5][6] Thus binding to DC-SIGN is an essential process for HIV infection.[7]
Besides functioning as an adhesion molecule, recent study has also shown that DC-SIGN can initiate innate immunity by modulating toll-like receptors,[8] though the detailed mechanism is not yet known. DC-SIGN together with other C-type lectins is involved in recognition of tumors by dendritic cells. DC-SIGN is also a potential engineering target for dendritic cell based cancer vaccine.[9]
Role in HIV infection
This molecule is involved in the initial stages of the human immunodeficiency virus infection, as the HIV gp120 molecule causes co-internalization of the DC-SIGN molecule and HIV virus particle (virion). The dendritic cell then migrates to the cognate lymphoid organ, whereupon recycling of the DC-SIGN/HIV virion complex to the cell periphery facilitates HIV infection of CD4+ T cells by interaction between DC-SIGN and ICAM-3.[10]
Gene family
DC-SIGN/CD209 is an animal "C-lectin", a large and diverse family of proteins found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes most of which are functional lectins, meaning they bind carbohydrate ligands, and whose ligand-binding affinity requires calcium (hence "C-lectin"). Among the animal C-lectins, a subfamily known as the ASGR (asialoglycoprotein receptors) group contains several sub-sub-families, many of which are important to innate immunity.
A cluster of genes in both humans and mice contains three related members of the "DC Receptor" class, so named because of their homology to DC-SIGN. Of these, CD23 is, however, not expressed on dendritic cells but is a characteristic surface molecule of B lymphocytes, and LSectin (CLEC4G) is expressed on the sinusoidal endothelium of the liver. The third gene group consists of multiple paralogues of CD209. Thus, both primates and mice have multiple paralogues of CD209 more closely related to each other within the species than to their orthologous counterparts in the other species. Higher primates have at least three DC-SIGN genes, DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNL1 and DC-SIGNL2, although not all three are present in every species; DC-SIGNL2 has not been detected in humans. Eight paralogous of DC-SIGN have been reported in the laboratory mouse strain C57BL/6; these go by the names DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR2...DC-SIGNR8. DC-SIGNR6 is a pseudogene. The genes labeled "DC-SIGN" in the human and mouse are thus not unique orthologues, although they resemble each other functionally and by being expressed on dendritic cells. Other members of the mouse CD209 gene group are differentially expressed on different cell types. For example, DC-SIGNR1 is expressed largely on macrophages in the marginal zones of the spleen and in the medulla of lymph nodes.[11]
↑McGreal E, Miller J, Gordon S (2005). "Ligand recognition by antigen-presenting cell C-type lectin receptors". Curr Opin Immunol. 17 (1): 18–24. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2004.12.001. PMID15653305.
↑Khoo US, Chan KY, Chan VS, Lin CL (August 2008). "DC-SIGN and L-SIGN: the SIGNs for infection". J. Mol. Med. 86 (8): 861–74. doi:10.1007/s00109-008-0350-2. PMID18458800.
↑Lozach PY, Burleigh L, Staropoli I, Amara A (2007). "The C type lectins DC-SIGN and L-SIGN: receptors for viral glycoproteins". Methods Mol. Biol. Methods in Molecular Biology. 379: 51–68. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-393-6_4. ISBN978-1-58829-590-3. PMID17502670.
↑ 5.05.1Lozach PY, Amara A, Bartosch B, Virelizier JL, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Cosset FL, Altmeyer R (July 2004). "C-type lectins L-SIGN and DC-SIGN capture and transmit infectious hepatitis C virus pseudotype particles". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (31): 32035–45. doi:10.1074/jbc.M402296200. PMID15166245.
↑den Dunnen J, Gringhuis SI, Geijtenbeek TB (November 2008). "Innate signaling by the C-type lectin DC-SIGN dictates immune responses". Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 58 (7): 1149–57. doi:10.1007/s00262-008-0615-1. PMID18998127.
↑Aarnoudse CA, Garcia Vallejo JJ, Saeland E, van Kooyk Y (February 2006). "Recognition of tumor glycans by antigen-presenting cells". Curr. Opin. Immunol. 18 (1): 105–11. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.001. PMID16303292.
↑van den Berg LM, Geijtenbeek TB (2013). "Antiviral immune responses by human langerhans cells and dendritic cells in HIV-1 infection". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 762: 45–70. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_2. PMID22975871.
Geijtenbeek TB, Engering A, Van Kooyk Y (2002). "DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin on dendritic cells that unveils many aspects of dendritic cell biology". J. Leukoc. Biol. 71 (6): 921–31. PMID12050176.
Baribaud F, Doms RW, Pöhlmann S (2006). "The role of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR in HIV and Ebola virus infection: can potential therapeutics block virus transmission and dissemination?". Expert Opin. Ther. Targets. 6 (4): 423–31. doi:10.1517/14728222.6.4.423. PMID12223058.
Bénichou S, Benmerah A (2003). "[The HIV nef and the Kaposi-sarcoma-associated virus K3/K5 proteins: "parasites"of the endocytosis pathway]". Med Sci (Paris). 19 (1): 100–6. doi:10.1051/medsci/2003191100. PMID12836198.
van Kooyk Y, Geijtenbeek TB (2003). "DC-SIGN: escape mechanism for pathogens". Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3 (9): 697–709. doi:10.1038/nri1182. PMID12949494.
Turville S, Wilkinson J, Cameron P, et al. (2004). "The role of dendritic cell C-type lectin receptors in HIV pathogenesis". J. Leukoc. Biol. 74 (5): 710–8. doi:10.1189/jlb.0503208. PMID12960229.
Cambi A, Figdor CG (2004). "Dual function of C-type lectin-like receptors in the immune system". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15 (5): 539–46. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2003.08.004. PMID14519388.
Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (2005). "Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection". Curr. HIV Res. 3 (1): 87–94. doi:10.2174/1570162052773013. PMID15638726.
