PD-L1: Difference between revisions

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In normal tissue, feedback between transcription factors like STAT3 and NF-κB restricts the immune response to protect host tissue and limit inflammation. In cancer, loss of feedback restriction between transcription factors can lead to increased local PD-L1 expression, which could limit the effectiveness of systemic treatment with agents targeting PD-L1.
In normal tissue, feedback between transcription factors like STAT3 and NF-κB restricts the immune response to protect host tissue and limit inflammation. In cancer, loss of feedback restriction between transcription factors can lead to increased local PD-L1 expression, which could limit the effectiveness of systemic treatment with agents targeting PD-L1.
<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vlahopoulos|first1=SA|title= Aberrant control of NF-κB in cancer permits transcriptional and phenotypic plasticity, to curtail dependence on host tissue: molecular mode.|journal= Cancer biology & medicine|date=15 August 2017|pmid= 28884042|doi= 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2017.0029|volume=14|pages=254–270|pmc=5570602}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vlahopoulos|first1=SA|title= Aberrant control of NF-κB in cancer permits transcriptional and phenotypic plasticity, to curtail dependence on host tissue: molecular mode.|journal= Cancer biology & medicine|date=15 August 2017|pmid= 28884042|doi= 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2017.0029|volume=14|pages=254–270|pmc=5570602}}</ref>
==== Measurement ====
There are two scoring systems to measure the presence of PD-L1 expression in tumors<ref name="pmid30028179">{{cite journal| author=Kulangara K, Zhang N, Corigliano E, Guerrero L, Waldroup S, Jaiswal D et al.| title=Clinical Utility of the Combined Positive Score for Programmed Death Ligand-1 Expression and the Approval of Pembrolizumab for Treatment of Gastric Cancer. | journal=Arch Pathol Lab Med | year= 2018 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30028179 | doi=10.5858/arpa.2018-0043-OA | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30028179  }} </ref>.
* PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS). TPS is The proportion of PD-L1 stained tumor cells divided by the total number of viable tumor cells X 100
<math>\frac{\text{Number of PD-L1 stained tumor cells}}{\text{Total number of viable tumor cells}}\star\text{100}</math>
* PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS). CPS is The proportion of PD-L1 stained tumor cells, ''and immune cells'', divided by the total number of viable tumor cells X 100
<math>\frac{\text{Number of PD-L1 stained tumor cells }\mathit{and}\text{ immune cells}}{\text{Total number of viable tumor cells}}\star\text{100}</math>
Cutoff for positive for both scores is 1%
CPS positive is much more common and may occur on four-fold as many patients as TPS positive<ref name="pmid30028179"/>.


=== ''Listeria monocytogenes'' ===
=== ''Listeria monocytogenes'' ===
In a mouse model of intracellular infection, ''L. monocytogenes'' induced PD-L1 protein expression in T cells, NK cells, and macrophages. PD-L1 blockade (using blocking antibodies) resulted in increased mortality for infected mice. Blockade reduced TNFα and nitric oxide production by macrophages, reduced granzyme B production by NK cells, and decreased proliferation of ''L. monocytogenes'' antigen-specific CD8 T cells (but not CD4 T cells).<ref name="pmid17971153">{{cite journal | vauthors = Seo SK, Jeong HY, Park SG, Lee SW, Choi IW, Chen L, Choi I | title = Blockade of endogenous B7-H1 suppresses antibacterial protection after primary Listeria monocytogenes infection | journal = Immunology | volume = 123 | issue = 1 | pages = 90–9 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 17971153 | pmc = 2433284 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02708.x }}</ref> This evidence suggests that PD-L1 acts as a positive costimulatory molecule in intracellular infection.
In a mouse model of intracellular infection, ''L. monocytogenes'' induced PD-L1 protein expression in T cells, NK cells, and macrophages. PD-L1 blockade (using blocking antibodies) resulted in increased mortality for infected mice. Blockade reduced TNFα and nitric oxide production by macrophages, reduced granzyme B production by NK cells, and decreased proliferation of ''L. monocytogenes'' antigen-specific CD8 T cells (but not CD4 T cells).<ref name="pmid17971153">{{cite journal | vauthors = Seo SK, Jeong HY, Park SG, Lee SW, Choi IW, Chen L, Choi I | title = Blockade of endogenous B7-H1 suppresses antibacterial protection after primary Listeria monocytogenes infection | journal = Immunology | volume = 123 | issue = 1 | pages = 90–9 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 17971153 | pmc = 2433284 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02708.x }}</ref> This evidence suggests that PD-L1 acts as a positive costimulatory molecule in intracellular infection.


Latest revision as of 23:30, 17 February 2019

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) also known as cluster of differentiation 274 (CD274) or B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD274 gene.[1]

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a 40kDa type 1 transmembrane protein that has been speculated to play a major role in suppressing the adaptive arm of immune system during particular events such as pregnancy, tissue allografts, autoimmune disease and other disease states such as hepatitis. Normally the adaptive immune system reacts to antigens that are associated with immune system activation by exogenous or endogenous danger signals. In turn, clonal expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and/or CD4+ helper cells is propagated. The binding of PD-L1 to the inhibitory checkpoint molecule PD-1 transmits an inhibitory signal based on interaction with phosphatases (SHP-1 or SHP-2) via Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Switch Motif (ITSM) motif [2]. This reduces the proliferation of antigen-specific T-cells in lymph nodes, while simultaneously reducing apoptosis in regulatory T cells (anti-inflammatory, suppressive T cells) - further mediated by a lower regulation of the gene Bcl-2.

History

PD-L1 was characterized at the Mayo Clinic as an immune regulatory molecule, B7-H1. Later this molecule was renamed as PD-L1 because it was identified as a ligand of PD-1[3] Several human cancer cells expressed high levels of B7-H1, and blockade of B7-H1 reduced the growth of tumors in the presence of immune cells. At that time it was concluded that B7-H1 helps tumor cells evade anti-tumor immunity.[4] In 2003 B7-H1 was shown to be expressed on Myeloid cells as checkpoint protein and was proposed as potential target in cancer immunotherapy in human clinic [5]

Binding

File:B7 family ligands and CD28 family receptors.JPG
Binding interactions

PD-L1 binds to its receptor, PD-1, found on activated T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells, to modulate activation or inhibition. The affinity between PD-L1 and PD-1, as defined by the dissociation constant Kd, is 770nM. PD-L1 also has an appreciable affinity for the costimulatory molecule CD80 (B7-1), but not CD86 (B7-2).[6] CD80's affinity for PD-L1, 1.4µM, is intermediate between its affinities for CD28 and CTLA-4 (4.0µM and 400nM, respectively). The related molecule PD-L2 has no such affinity for CD80 or CD86, but shares PD-1 as a receptor (with a stronger Kd of 140nM). Said et al. showed that PD-1, up-regulated on activated CD4 T-cells, can bind to PD-L1 expressed on monocytes and induces IL-10 production by the latter.[7]

Signaling

Engagement of PD-L1 with its receptor PD-1 on T cells delivers a signal that inhibits TCR-mediated activation of IL-2 production and T cell proliferation. The mechanism involves inhibition of ZAP70 phosphorylation and its association with CD3ζ.[8] PD-1 signaling attenuates PKC-θ activation loop phosphorylation (resulting from TCR signaling), necessary for the activation of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, and for production of IL-2. PD-L1 binding to PD-1 also contributes to ligand-induced TCR down-modulation during antigen presentation to naive T cells, by inducing the up-regulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase CBL-b.[9]

Regulation

By interferons

Upon IFN-γ stimulation, PD-L1 is expressed on T cells, NK cells, macrophages, myeloid DCs, B cells, epithelial cells, and vascular endothelial cells.[10] The PD-L1 gene promoter region has a response element to IRF-1, the interferon regulatory factor.[11] Type I interferons can also upregulate PD-L1 on murine hepatocytes, monocytes, DCs, and tumor cells.[12]

On macrophages

PD-L1 is notably expressed on macrophages. In the mouse, it has been shown that classically activated macrophages (induced by type I helper T cells or a combination of LPS and interferon-gamma) greatly upregulate PD-L1.[13] Alternatively, macrophages activated by IL-4 (alternative macrophages), slightly upregulate PD-L1, while greatly upregulating PD-L2. It has been shown by STAT1-deficient knock-out mice that STAT1 is mostly responsible for upregulation of PD-L1 on macrophages by LPS or interferon-gamma, but is not at all responsible for its constitutive expression before activation in these mice.

Role of microRNAs

Resting human cholangiocytes express PD-L1 mRNA, but not the protein, due to translational suppression by microRNA miR-513.[14] Upon treatment with interferon-gamma, miR-513 was down-regulated, thereby lifting suppression of PD-L1 protein. In this way, interferon-gamma can induce PD-L1 protein expression by inhibiting gene-mediated suppression of mRNA translation.

Epigenetic regulation

PD-L1 promoter DNA methylation may predict survival in some cancers after surgery.[15]

Clinical significance

Cancer

File:PD-L1 positive lung adenocarcinoma -- high mag.jpg
Micrograph showing a PD-L1 positive lung adenocarcinoma. PD-L1 immunostain.

It appears that upregulation of PD-L1 may allow cancers to evade the host immune system. An analysis of 196 tumor specimens from patients with renal cell carcinoma found that high tumor expression of PD-L1 was associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and a 4.5-fold increased risk of death.[16] Many PD-L1 inhibitors are in development as immuno-oncology therapies and are showing good results in clinical trials.[17] Clinically available examples include Durvalumab, atezolizumab and avelumab.[18] In normal tissue, feedback between transcription factors like STAT3 and NF-κB restricts the immune response to protect host tissue and limit inflammation. In cancer, loss of feedback restriction between transcription factors can lead to increased local PD-L1 expression, which could limit the effectiveness of systemic treatment with agents targeting PD-L1. [19]

Measurement

There are two scoring systems to measure the presence of PD-L1 expression in tumors[20].

  • PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS). TPS is The proportion of PD-L1 stained tumor cells divided by the total number of viable tumor cells X 100

<math>\frac{\text{Number of PD-L1 stained tumor cells}}{\text{Total number of viable tumor cells}}\star\text{100}</math>

  • PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS). CPS is The proportion of PD-L1 stained tumor cells, and immune cells, divided by the total number of viable tumor cells X 100

<math>\frac{\text{Number of PD-L1 stained tumor cells }\mathit{and}\text{ immune cells}}{\text{Total number of viable tumor cells}}\star\text{100}</math>

Cutoff for positive for both scores is 1% CPS positive is much more common and may occur on four-fold as many patients as TPS positive[20].

Listeria monocytogenes

In a mouse model of intracellular infection, L. monocytogenes induced PD-L1 protein expression in T cells, NK cells, and macrophages. PD-L1 blockade (using blocking antibodies) resulted in increased mortality for infected mice. Blockade reduced TNFα and nitric oxide production by macrophages, reduced granzyme B production by NK cells, and decreased proliferation of L. monocytogenes antigen-specific CD8 T cells (but not CD4 T cells).[21] This evidence suggests that PD-L1 acts as a positive costimulatory molecule in intracellular infection.

Autoimmunity

The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction is implicated in autoimmunity from several lines of evidence. NOD mice, an animal model for autoimmunity that exhibit a susceptibility to spontaneous development of type I diabetes and other autoimmune diseases, have been shown to develop precipitated onset of diabetes from blockade of PD-1 or PD-L1 (but not PD-L2).[22]

In humans, PD-L1 was found to have altered expression in pediatric patients with Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Studying isolated PBMC from healthy children, immature myeloid dendritic cells and monocytes expressed little PD-L1 at initial isolation, but spontaneously up-regulated PD-L1 by 24 hours. In contrast, both mDC and monocytes from patients with active SLE failed to upregulate PD-L1 over a 5-day time course, expressing this protein only during disease remissions.[23] This may be one mechanism whereby peripheral tolerance is lost in SLE.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Entrez Gene: CD274 CD274 molecule".
  2. ↑ Chemnitz JM, Parry RV, Nichols KE, June CH, Riley JL (July 2004). "SHP-1 and SHP-2 associate with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif of programmed death 1 upon primary human T cell stimulation, but only receptor ligation prevents T cell activation". Journal of Immunology. 173 (2): 945–54. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.945. PMID 15240681.
  3. ↑ Dong H, Zhu G, Tamada K, Chen L (December 1999). "B7-H1, a third member of the B7 family, co-stimulates T-cell proliferation and interleukin-10 secretion". Nature Medicine. 5 (12): 1365–9. doi:10.1038/70932. PMID 10581077.
  4. ↑ Dong H, Strome SE, Salomao DR, Tamura H, Hirano F, Flies DB, Roche PC, Lu J, Zhu G, Tamada K, Lennon VA, Celis E, Chen L (August 2002). "Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion". Nature Medicine. 8 (8): 793–800. doi:10.1038/nm730. PMID 12091876.
  5. ↑ Curiel TJ, Wei S, Dong H, Alvarez X, Cheng P, Mottram P, Krzysiek R, Knutson KL, Daniel B, Zimmermann MC, David O, Burow M, Gordon A, Dhurandhar N, Myers L, Berggren R, Hemminki A, Alvarez RD, Emilie D, Curiel DT, Chen L, Zou W (May 2003). "Blockade of B7-H1 improves myeloid dendritic cell-mediated antitumor immunity". Nature Medicine. 9 (5): 562–7. doi:10.1038/nm863. PMID 12704383.
  6. ↑ Butte MJ, Peña-Cruz V, Kim MJ, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH (August 2008). "Interaction of human PD-L1 and B7-1". Molecular Immunology. 45 (13): 3567–72. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2008.05.014. PMC 3764616. PMID 18585785.
  7. ↑ Said EA, Dupuy FP, Trautmann L, Zhang Y, Shi Y, El-Far M, Hill BJ, Noto A, Ancuta P, Peretz Y, Fonseca SG, Van Grevenynghe J, Boulassel MR, Bruneau J, Shoukry NH, Routy JP, Douek DC, Haddad EK, Sekaly RP (April 2010). "Programmed death-1-induced interleukin-10 production by monocytes impairs CD4+ T cell activation during HIV infection". Nature Medicine. 16 (4): 452–9. doi:10.1038/nm.2106. PMC 4229134. PMID 20208540.
  8. ↑ Sheppard KA, Fitz LJ, Lee JM, Benander C, George JA, Wooters J, Qiu Y, Jussif JM, Carter LL, Wood CR, Chaudhary D (September 2004). "PD-1 inhibits T-cell receptor induced phosphorylation of the ZAP70/CD3zeta signalosome and downstream signaling to PKCtheta". FEBS Letters. 574 (1–3): 37–41. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.083. PMID 15358536.
  9. ↑ Karwacz K, Bricogne C, MacDonald D, Arce F, Bennett CL, Collins M, Escors D (October 2011). "PD-L1 co-stimulation contributes to ligand-induced T cell receptor down-modulation on CD8+ T cells". EMBO Molecular Medicine. 3 (10): 581–92. doi:10.1002/emmm.201100165. PMC 3191120. PMID 21739608.
  10. ↑ Flies DB, Chen L (April 2007). "The new B7s: playing a pivotal role in tumor immunity". Journal of Immunotherapy. 30 (3): 251–60. doi:10.1097/CJI.0b013e31802e085a. PMID 17414316.
  11. ↑ Lee SJ, Jang BC, Lee SW, Yang YI, Suh SI, Park YM, Oh S, Shin JG, Yao S, Chen L, Choi IH (February 2006). "Interferon regulatory factor-1 is prerequisite to the constitutive expression and IFN-gamma-induced upregulation of B7-H1 (CD274)". FEBS Letters. 580 (3): 755–62. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.093. PMID 16413538.
  12. ↑ Yamazaki T, Akiba H, Iwai H, Matsuda H, Aoki M, Tanno Y, Shin T, Tsuchiya H, Pardoll DM, Okumura K, Azuma M, Yagita H (November 2002). "Expression of programmed death 1 ligands by murine T cells and APC". Journal of Immunology. 169 (10): 5538–45. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.5538. PMID 12421930.
  13. ↑ Loke P, Allison JP (April 2003). "PD-L1 and PD-L2 are differentially regulated by Th1 and Th2 cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (9): 5336–41. doi:10.1073/pnas.0931259100. PMC 154346. PMID 12697896.
  14. ↑ Gong AY, Zhou R, Hu G, Li X, Splinter PL, O'Hara SP, LaRusso NF, Soukup GA, Dong H, Chen XM (February 2009). "MicroRNA-513 regulates B7-H1 translation and is involved in IFN-gamma-induced B7-H1 expression in cholangiocytes". Journal of Immunology. 182 (3): 1325–33. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.182.3.1325. PMC 2652126. PMID 19155478.
  15. ↑ Gevensleben H, Holmes EE, Goltz D, Dietrich J, Sailer V, Ellinger J, Dietrich D, Kristiansen G (November 2016). "PD-L1 promoter methylation is a prognostic biomarker for biochemical recurrence-free survival in prostate cancer patients following radical prostatectomy". Oncotarget. 7 (48): 79943–79955. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13161. PMC 5346762. PMID 27835597.
  16. ↑ Thompson RH, Gillett MD, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Dong H, Webster WS, Krejci KG, Lobo JR, Sengupta S, Chen L, Zincke H, Blute ML, Strome SE, Leibovich BC, Kwon ED (December 2004). "Costimulatory B7-H1 in renal cell carcinoma patients: Indicator of tumor aggressiveness and potential therapeutic target". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (49): 17174–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406351101. PMC 534606. PMID 15569934.
  17. ↑ Velcheti V, Schalper KA, Carvajal DE, Anagnostou VK, Syrigos KN, Sznol M, Herbst RS, Gettinger SN, Chen L, Rimm DL (January 2014). "Programmed death ligand-1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer". Laboratory Investigation; A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 94 (1): 107–16. doi:10.1038/labinvest.2013.130. PMID 24217091.
  18. ↑ "Immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat cancer". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  19. ↑ Vlahopoulos, SA (15 August 2017). "Aberrant control of NF-κB in cancer permits transcriptional and phenotypic plasticity, to curtail dependence on host tissue: molecular mode". Cancer biology & medicine. 14: 254–270. doi:10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2017.0029. PMC 5570602. PMID 28884042.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Kulangara K, Zhang N, Corigliano E, Guerrero L, Waldroup S, Jaiswal D; et al. (2018). "Clinical Utility of the Combined Positive Score for Programmed Death Ligand-1 Expression and the Approval of Pembrolizumab for Treatment of Gastric Cancer". Arch Pathol Lab Med. doi:10.5858/arpa.2018-0043-OA. PMID 30028179.
  21. ↑ Seo SK, Jeong HY, Park SG, Lee SW, Choi IW, Chen L, Choi I (January 2008). "Blockade of endogenous B7-H1 suppresses antibacterial protection after primary Listeria monocytogenes infection". Immunology. 123 (1): 90–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02708.x. PMC 2433284. PMID 17971153.
  22. ↑ Ansari MJ, Salama AD, Chitnis T, Smith RN, Yagita H, Akiba H, Yamazaki T, Azuma M, Iwai H, Khoury SJ, Auchincloss H, Sayegh MH (July 2003). "The programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway regulates autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 198 (1): 63–9. doi:10.1084/jem.20022125. PMC 2196083. PMID 12847137.
  23. ↑ Mozaffarian N, Wiedeman AE, Stevens AM (September 2008). "Active systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with failure of antigen-presenting cells to express programmed death ligand-1". Rheumatology. 47 (9): 1335–41. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ken256. PMC 2722808. PMID 18650228.

External links

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