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{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Taste receptor type 1 member 1''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''TAS1R1'' [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TAS1R1 taste receptor, type 1, member 1| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=80835| accessdate = }}</ref>
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}


<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Structure ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =  
| Name = Taste receptor, type 1, member 1
| HGNCid = 14448
| Symbol = TAS1R1
| AltSymbols =; TR1; GPR70; T1R1; gm148
| OMIM = 606225
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 12888
| MGIid = 1927505
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004872 |text = receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008067 |text = metabotropic glutamate, GABA-B-like receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008527 |text = taste receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046982 |text = protein heterodimerization activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016021 |text = integral to membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007186 |text = G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0050896 |text = response to stimulus}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0050917 |text = sensory perception of umami taste}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 80835
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000173662
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_619642
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_138697
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 1
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 6537828
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 6562404
    | Hs_Uniprot = Q7RTX1
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 110326
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000028950
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_031867
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_114073
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 4
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 150871714
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 150882368
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3U5H1
  }}
}}
'''Taste receptor, type 1, member 1''', also known as '''TAS1R1''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TAS1R1 taste receptor, type 1, member 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=80835| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
The protein encoded by the ''TAS1R1'' gene is a [[G protein-coupled receptor]] with seven trans-membrane domains and is a component of the heterodimeric amino acid taste receptor T1R1+3. This receptor is formed as a dimer of the TAS1R1 and [[TAS1R3]] proteins. Moreover, the TAS1R1 protein is not functional outside of formation of the 1+3 heterodimer.<ref name="Nelson2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson G, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Zhang Y, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS | title = Mammalian sweet taste receptors | journal = Cell | volume = 106 | issue = 3 | pages = 381–390 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11509186 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00451-2 }}</ref> The TAS1R1+3 receptor has been shown to respond to L-[[amino acids]] but not to their D-enantiomers or other compounds. This ability to bind L-[[amino acid]]s, specifically L-[[glutamine]], enables the body to sense the [[umami]], or savory, taste.<ref name="Nelson2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson G, Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Feng L, Zhao G, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS | title = An amino-acid taste receptor | journal = Nature | volume = 416 | issue = 6877 | pages = 199–202 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11894099 | doi = 10.1038/nature726 }}</ref> Multiple transcript variants encoding several different isoforms have been found for this gene, which may account for differing taste thresholds among individuals for the [[umami]] taste.<ref name="entrez" /><ref name="Shigemura">{{cite journal | vauthors = White BD, Corll CB, Porter JR | title = The metabolic clearance rate of corticosterone in lean and obese male Zucker rats | journal = Metabolism: clinical and experimental | volume = 38 | issue = 6 | pages = 530–536 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2725291 | doi=10.1016/0026-0495(89)90212-6}}</ref> Another interesting quality of the TAS1R1 and [[TAS1R2]] proteins is their spontaneous activity in the absence of the extracellular domains and binding ligands.<ref name="sainz">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sainz E, Cavenagh MM, LopezJimenez ND, Gutierrez JC, Battey JF, Northup JK, Sullivan SL | title = The G-protein coupling properties of the human sweet and amino acid taste receptors | journal = Developmental Neurobiology | volume = 67 | issue = 7 | pages = 948–959 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17506496 | doi = 10.1002/dneu.20403 }}</ref> This may mean that the extracellular domain regulates function of the receptor by preventing spontaneous action as well as binding to activating ligands such as L-[[glutamine]].
{{PBB_Summary
 
| section_title =
== Ligands ==
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene is a G protein-coupled receptor and is a component of the heterodimeric amino acid taste receptor T1R1+3. The T1R1+3 receptor responds to L-amino acids but not to D-enantiomers or other compounds. Most amino acids that are perceived as sweet activate T1R1+3, and this activation is strictly dependent on an intact T1R1+3 heterodimer. Multiple transcript variants encoding several different isoforms have been found for this gene.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TAS1R1 taste receptor, type 1, member 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=80835| accessdate = }}</ref>
 
}}
The [[umami]] taste is distinctly related to the compound [[monosodium glutamate]](MSG).  Synthesized in 1908 by Japanese chemist [[Kikunae Ikeda]], this flavor-enhancing compound led to the naming of a new flavor quality that was named “[[umami]]”, the Japanese word for “tasty”.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sand |first=Jordan |year=2005 |title= A Short History of MSG: Good Science, Bad Science, and Taste Cultures |journal= Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture|volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=38–49 |publisher=University of California Press |doi= 10.1525/gfc.2005.5.4.38}}</ref> The TAS1R1+3 taste receptor is sensitive to the [[glutamate]] in MSG as well as the synergistic taste-enhancer molecules [[inosine monophosphate]] (IMP) and [[guanosine monophosphate]] (GMP).  These taste-enhancer molecules are unable to activate the receptor alone, but are rather used to enhance receptor responses to many L-amino acids.<ref name="Nelson2002"/><ref name="Delay">{{cite journal | vauthors = Delay ER, Beaver AJ, Wagner KA, Stapleton JR, Harbaugh JO, Catron KD, Roper SD | title = Taste preference synergy between glutamate receptor agonists and inosine monophosphate in rats | journal = Chemical senses | volume = 25 | issue = 5 | pages = 507–515 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11015322 | doi = 10.1093/chemse/25.5.507 }}</ref>
 
== Signal transduction ==
 
TAS1R1 and [[TAS1R2]] receptors have been shown to bind to [[G protein]]s, most often the [[gustducin]] Gα subunit, although a gustducin knock-out has shown small residual activity. TAS1R1 and [[TAS1R2]] have also been shown to activate Gαo and Gαi.<ref name="sainz"/> This suggests that TAS1R1 and [[TAS1R2]] are [[G protein-coupled receptors]] that inhibit [[adenylyl cyclase]]s to decrease [[cyclic guanosine monophosphate]] (cGMP) levels in [[taste receptor]]s.<ref name="Abaffy">{{cite journal | vauthors = Abaffy T, Trubey KR, Chaudhari N | title = Adenylyl cyclase expression and modulation of cAMP in rat taste cells | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology | volume = 284 | issue = 6 | pages = C1420–C1428 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12606315 | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.00556.2002 }}</ref>
 
Research done by creating knock-outs of common channels activated by sensory G-protein [[second messenger systems]] has also shown a connection between [[umami]] taste perception and the [[phosphatidylinositol]] (PIP2) pathway.  The nonselecive cation [[Transient Receptor Potential]] channel TRPM5 has been shown to correlate with both umami and sweet taste.  Also, the [[phospholipase]] PLCβ2 was shown to similarly correlate with umami and sweet taste.  This suggests that activation of the G-protein pathway and subsequent activation of PLC β2 and the TRPM5 channel in these taste cells functions to activate the cell.<ref name="Zhang">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Y, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Mueller KL, Cook B, Wu D, Zuker CS, Ryba NJ | title = Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: Different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways | journal = Cell | volume = 112 | issue = 3 | pages = 293–301 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12581520 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00071-0 }}</ref>
 
== Location and innervation ==
 
TAS1R1+3 expressing cells are found mostly in the [[fungiform papilla]]e at the tip and edges of the tongue and palate taste receptor cells in the roof of the mouth.<ref name="Nelson2001"/>  These cells are shown to synapse upon the [[chorda tympani]] nerves to send their signals to the brain, although some activation of the [[glossopharyngeal nerve]] has been found.<ref name="Nelson2002"/><ref name="Danilova">{{cite journal | vauthors = Danilova V, Hellekant G | title = Comparison of the responses of the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves to taste stimuli in C57BL/6J mice | journal = BMC Neuroscience | volume = 4 | pages = 5–6 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12617752 | pmc = 153500 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2202-4-5 }}</ref> TAS1R and TAS2R (bitter) channels are not expressed together in taste buds.<ref name="Nelson2001"/>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Taste receptor]]
* [[Taste receptor]]
* [[TAS1R2]]
* [[TAS1R3]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|35em}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin|35em}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS | title = The receptors and cells for mammalian taste. | journal = Nature | volume = 444 | issue = 7117 | pages = 288–94 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17108952 | doi = 10.1038/nature05401 }}
| citations =
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoon MA, Adler E, Lindemeier J, Battey JF, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS | title = Putative mammalian taste receptors: a class of taste-specific GPCRs with distinct topographic selectivity. | journal = Cell | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 541–51 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10052456 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80658-3 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS |title=The receptors and cells for mammalian taste. |journal=Nature |volume=444 |issue= 7117 |pages= 288-94 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17108952 |doi= 10.1038/nature05401 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Makalowska I, Sood R, Faruque MU, Hu P, Robbins CM, Eddings EM, Mestre JD, Baxevanis AD, Carpten JD | title = Identification of six novel genes by experimental validation of GeneMachine predicted genes. | journal = Gene | volume = 284 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 203–13 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11891061 | doi = 10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00897-6 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hoon MA, Adler E, Lindemeier J, ''et al.'' |title=Putative mammalian taste receptors: a class of taste-specific GPCRs with distinct topographic selectivity. |journal=Cell |volume=96 |issue= 4 |pages= 541-51 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10052456 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson G, Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Feng L, Zhao G, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS | title = An amino-acid taste receptor. | journal = Nature | volume = 416 | issue = 6877 | pages = 199–202 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11894099 | doi = 10.1038/nature726 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Makalowska I, Sood R, Faruque MU, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of six novel genes by experimental validation of GeneMachine predicted genes. |journal=Gene |volume=284 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 203-13 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11891061 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Li X, Staszewski L, Xu H, Durick K, Zoller M, Adler E | title = Human receptors for sweet and umami taste. | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 99 | issue = 7 | pages = 4692–6 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11917125 | pmc = 123709 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.072090199 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nelson G, Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, ''et al.'' |title=An amino-acid taste receptor. |journal=Nature |volume=416 |issue= 6877 |pages= 199-202 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11894099 |doi= 10.1038/nature726 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Liao J, Schultz PG | title = Three sweet receptor genes are clustered in human chromosome 1. | journal = Mamm. Genome | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 291–301 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12856281 | doi = 10.1007/s00335-002-2233-0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Li X, Staszewski L, Xu H, ''et al.'' |title=Human receptors for sweet and umami taste. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 7 |pages= 4692-6 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11917125 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.072090199 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Xu H, Staszewski L, Tang H, Adler E, Zoller M, Li X | title = Different functional roles of T1R subunits in the heteromeric taste receptors. | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 101 | issue = 39 | pages = 14258–63 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15353592 | pmc = 521102 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0404384101 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Liao J, Schultz PG |title=Three sweet receptor genes are clustered in human chromosome 1. |journal=Mamm. Genome |volume=14 |issue= 5 |pages= 291-301 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12856281 |doi= 10.1007/s00335-002-2233-0 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Sainz E, Cavenagh MM, LopezJimenez ND, Gutierrez JC, Battey JF, Northup JK, Sullivan SL | title = The G-protein coupling properties of the human sweet and amino acid taste receptors. | journal = Dev Neurobiol | volume = 67 | issue = 7 | pages = 948–59 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17506496 | doi = 10.1002/dneu.20403 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Xu H, Staszewski L, Tang H, ''et al.'' |title=Different functional roles of T1R subunits in the heteromeric taste receptors. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=101 |issue= 39 |pages= 14258-63 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15353592 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.0404384101 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, ''et al.'' |title=The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. |journal=Nature |volume=441 |issue= 7091 |pages= 315-21 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16710414 |doi= 10.1038/nature04727 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Sainz E, Cavenagh MM, LopezJimenez ND, ''et al.'' |title=The G-protein coupling properties of the human sweet and amino acid taste receptors. |journal=Dev Neurobiol |volume=67 |issue= 7 |pages= 948-59 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17506496 |doi= 10.1002/dneu.20403 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{membrane-protein-stub}}
==External links==
* [https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TAS1R1 TAS1R1 Gene]
* [http://omim.org/entry/606225 TASTE RECEPTOR TYPE 1, MEMBER 1; TAS1R1]
 
{{G protein-coupled receptors|g3}}
{{NLM content}}
{{NLM content}}
{{G protein-coupled receptors}}
 
[[Category:G protein coupled receptors]]
[[Category:G protein-coupled receptors]]
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Latest revision as of 18:01, 24 September 2018

VALUE_ERROR (nil)
Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

n/a

n/a

UniProt

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

n/a

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Taste receptor type 1 member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS1R1 gene.[1]

Structure

The protein encoded by the TAS1R1 gene is a G protein-coupled receptor with seven trans-membrane domains and is a component of the heterodimeric amino acid taste receptor T1R1+3. This receptor is formed as a dimer of the TAS1R1 and TAS1R3 proteins. Moreover, the TAS1R1 protein is not functional outside of formation of the 1+3 heterodimer.[2] The TAS1R1+3 receptor has been shown to respond to L-amino acids but not to their D-enantiomers or other compounds. This ability to bind L-amino acids, specifically L-glutamine, enables the body to sense the umami, or savory, taste.[3] Multiple transcript variants encoding several different isoforms have been found for this gene, which may account for differing taste thresholds among individuals for the umami taste.[1][4] Another interesting quality of the TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 proteins is their spontaneous activity in the absence of the extracellular domains and binding ligands.[5] This may mean that the extracellular domain regulates function of the receptor by preventing spontaneous action as well as binding to activating ligands such as L-glutamine.

Ligands

The umami taste is distinctly related to the compound monosodium glutamate(MSG). Synthesized in 1908 by Japanese chemist Kikunae Ikeda, this flavor-enhancing compound led to the naming of a new flavor quality that was named “umami”, the Japanese word for “tasty”.[6] The TAS1R1+3 taste receptor is sensitive to the glutamate in MSG as well as the synergistic taste-enhancer molecules inosine monophosphate (IMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP). These taste-enhancer molecules are unable to activate the receptor alone, but are rather used to enhance receptor responses to many L-amino acids.[3][7]

Signal transduction

TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 receptors have been shown to bind to G proteins, most often the gustducin Gα subunit, although a gustducin knock-out has shown small residual activity. TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 have also been shown to activate Gαo and Gαi.[5] This suggests that TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 are G protein-coupled receptors that inhibit adenylyl cyclases to decrease cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in taste receptors.[8]

Research done by creating knock-outs of common channels activated by sensory G-protein second messenger systems has also shown a connection between umami taste perception and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) pathway. The nonselecive cation Transient Receptor Potential channel TRPM5 has been shown to correlate with both umami and sweet taste. Also, the phospholipase PLCβ2 was shown to similarly correlate with umami and sweet taste. This suggests that activation of the G-protein pathway and subsequent activation of PLC β2 and the TRPM5 channel in these taste cells functions to activate the cell.[9]

Location and innervation

TAS1R1+3 expressing cells are found mostly in the fungiform papillae at the tip and edges of the tongue and palate taste receptor cells in the roof of the mouth.[2] These cells are shown to synapse upon the chorda tympani nerves to send their signals to the brain, although some activation of the glossopharyngeal nerve has been found.[3][10] TAS1R and TAS2R (bitter) channels are not expressed together in taste buds.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Entrez Gene: TAS1R1 taste receptor, type 1, member 1".
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nelson G, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Zhang Y, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (2001). "Mammalian sweet taste receptors". Cell. 106 (3): 381–390. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00451-2. PMID 11509186.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Nelson G, Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Feng L, Zhao G, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (2002). "An amino-acid taste receptor". Nature. 416 (6877): 199–202. doi:10.1038/nature726. PMID 11894099.
  4. ↑ White BD, Corll CB, Porter JR (1989). "The metabolic clearance rate of corticosterone in lean and obese male Zucker rats". Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 38 (6): 530–536. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(89)90212-6. PMID 2725291.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sainz E, Cavenagh MM, LopezJimenez ND, Gutierrez JC, Battey JF, Northup JK, Sullivan SL (2007). "The G-protein coupling properties of the human sweet and amino acid taste receptors". Developmental Neurobiology. 67 (7): 948–959. doi:10.1002/dneu.20403. PMID 17506496.
  6. ↑ Sand, Jordan (2005). "A Short History of MSG: Good Science, Bad Science, and Taste Cultures". Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture. University of California Press. 5 (4): 38–49. doi:10.1525/gfc.2005.5.4.38.
  7. ↑ Delay ER, Beaver AJ, Wagner KA, Stapleton JR, Harbaugh JO, Catron KD, Roper SD (2000). "Taste preference synergy between glutamate receptor agonists and inosine monophosphate in rats". Chemical senses. 25 (5): 507–515. doi:10.1093/chemse/25.5.507. PMID 11015322.
  8. ↑ Abaffy T, Trubey KR, Chaudhari N (2003). "Adenylyl cyclase expression and modulation of cAMP in rat taste cells". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 284 (6): C1420–C1428. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00556.2002. PMID 12606315.
  9. ↑ Zhang Y, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Mueller KL, Cook B, Wu D, Zuker CS, Ryba NJ (2003). "Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: Different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways". Cell. 112 (3): 293–301. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00071-0. PMID 12581520.
  10. ↑ Danilova V, Hellekant G (2003). "Comparison of the responses of the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves to taste stimuli in C57BL/6J mice". BMC Neuroscience. 4: 5–6. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-4-5. PMC 153500. PMID 12617752.

Further reading

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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