Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1: Difference between revisions

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The [[GPR17]] receptor, also termed the uracil nucleotide/cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, was initially defined as a receptor for LTC4, LTD4, and [[uracil nucleotides]]. However, more recent studies from different laboratories could not confirm these results; they found that GPR17-bearing cells did not respond to these CysLTs or nucleotides but did find that cells expressing both CysLTR1 and GPR17 receptors exhibited a marked reduction in binding LTC4 and that mice lacking GPR17 were hyper-responsive to [[igE]]-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. GPR17 therefore appears to inhibit CysLTR1, at least in these model systems.<ref name="pmid24991451">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kanaoka Y, Boyce JA | title = Cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors; emerging concepts | journal = Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 288–95 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24991451 | pmc = 4077954 | doi = 10.4168/aair.2014.6.4.288 | url = }}</ref> In striking contrast to these studies, studies concentration on neural tissues continue to find that [[Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell]]s express GPR17 and respond through this receptor to LTC4, LTD4, and certain purines (see [[GPR17#Function]]).
The [[GPR17]] receptor, also termed the uracil nucleotide/cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, was initially defined as a receptor for LTC4, LTD4, and [[uracil nucleotides]]. However, more recent studies from different laboratories could not confirm these results; they found that GPR17-bearing cells did not respond to these CysLTs or nucleotides but did find that cells expressing both CysLTR1 and GPR17 receptors exhibited a marked reduction in binding LTC4 and that mice lacking GPR17 were hyper-responsive to [[igE]]-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. GPR17 therefore appears to inhibit CysLTR1, at least in these model systems.<ref name="pmid24991451">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kanaoka Y, Boyce JA | title = Cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors; emerging concepts | journal = Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 288–95 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24991451 | pmc = 4077954 | doi = 10.4168/aair.2014.6.4.288 | url = }}</ref> In striking contrast to these studies, studies concentration on neural tissues continue to find that [[Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell]]s express GPR17 and respond through this receptor to LTC4, LTD4, and certain purines (see [[GPR17#Function]]).


The [[Purinergic receptor]], [[P2Y12]], while not directly binding or responding to CysLTs, appears to be activated as a consequence of activating CysLT1: blockage of P2Y12 activation either by receptor depletion or pharmacological methods inhibits many of the CysLTR1-dependent actions of CysLTs in various cell types in vitro as well as in an animal model of allergic disease.<ref name="pmid26149010"/><ref name="pmid19647860">{{cite journal | vauthors = Austen KF, Maekawa A, Kanaoka Y, Boyce JA | title = The leukotriene E4 puzzle: finding the missing pieces and revealing the pathobiologic implications | journal = The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | volume = 124 | issue = 3 | pages = 406–14; quiz 415–6 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19647860 | pmc = 2739263 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.046 | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid25866815">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baptista-dos-Reis R, Muniz VS, Neves JS | title = Multifaceted roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes in eliciting eosinophil granule protein secretion | journal = BioMed Research International | volume = 2015 | issue = | pages = 1-7 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25866815 | pmc = 4383494 | doi = 10.1155/2015/848762 | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid27542570"/>
The [[Purinergic receptor]], [[P2Y12]], while not directly binding or responding to CysLTs, appears to be activated as a consequence of activating CysLT1: blockage of P2Y12 activation either by receptor depletion or pharmacological methods inhibits many of the CysLTR1-dependent actions of CysLTs in various cell types in vitro as well as in an animal model of allergic disease.<ref name="pmid26149010"/><ref name="pmid19647860">{{cite journal | vauthors = Austen KF, Maekawa A, Kanaoka Y, Boyce JA | title = The leukotriene E4 puzzle: finding the missing pieces and revealing the pathobiologic implications | journal = The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | volume = 124 | issue = 3 | pages = 406–14; quiz 415–6 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19647860 | pmc = 2739263 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.046 | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid25866815">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baptista-dos-Reis R, Muniz VS, Neves JS | title = Multifaceted roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes in eliciting eosinophil granule protein secretion | journal = BioMed Research International | volume = 2015 | issue = | pages = 1–7 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25866815 | pmc = 4383494 | doi = 10.1155/2015/848762 | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid27542570"/>


== Ligands ==
== Ligands ==

Latest revision as of 05:21, 12 January 2019

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Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1, also termed CYSLTR1, is a receptor for cysteinyl leukotrienes (LT) (see leukotrienes#Cysteinyl leukotrienes). CYSLTR1, by binding these cysteinyl LTs (CysLTs; viz, LTC4, LTD4, and to a much lesser extent, LTE4) contributes to mediating various allergic and hypersensitivity reactions in humans as well as models of the reactions in other animals.

Gene

The human CysLTR1 gene maps to the X chromosome at position Xq13-Xq21, contains three exons with the entire open reading frame located in exon 3, and codes for a protein composed of 337 amino acids. The CYSLTR1 gene promoter region is distanced from 665 to 30 bp upstream of its transcription start site.[1][2][3]

Expression

CYSLTR1 mRNA is expressed in lung smooth muscle, lung macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, platelets, T cells, B lymphocytes, pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (CD34+), mast cells, pancreas, small intestine, prostate, interstitial cells of the nasal mucosa, airway smooth muscle cells, bronchial fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells.[1][2][4]

Function

CysLTR1 is a G protein–coupled receptor that links to and when bound to its CysLT ligands activates the Gq alpha subunit and/or Ga subunit of its coupled G protein, depending on the cell type. Acting through these G proteins and their subunits, ligand-bound CysLTR1 activates a series of pathways that lead to cell function (see Gq alpha subunit#function and Ga subunit#function for details); the order of potency of the cysLTs in stimulating CysLTR1 is LTD4>LTC4>LTE4[3] with LTE4 probably lacking sufficient potency to have much activity that operates through CysLTR1 in vivo.[2]

CysLTR1 activation by LTC4 and/or LTD4 in animal models and humans causes: airway bronchoconstriction and hyper-responsiveness to bronchoconstriction agents such as histamine; increased vascular permeability, edema, influx of eosinophils and neutrophils, smooth muscle proliferation, collagen deposition, and fibrosis in various tissue sites; and mucin secretion by goblet cells, goblet cell metaplasia, and epithelial cell hypertrophy in the membranes of the respiratory system.[3] Animal model and human tissue (preclinical studies) implicate CysLTR1 antagonists as having protective/reparative effects in models of brain injury (trauma-, ischemia-, and cold-induced), multiple sclerosis, auto-immune encephalomyelitis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.[5] CysLTR1 activation is also associated in animal models with decreasing the Blood-brain barrier (i.e. increasing the permeability of brain capillaries to elements of the blood's soluble elements) as well as promoting the movement of leukocytes for the blood to brain tissues; these effects may increase the development and frequency of Epileptic seizure as well as the entry of leucocyte-borne viruses such as HIV-1 into brain tissue.[5]

Increased expression of CysLTR1 has been observed in Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, neuroblastoma and other brain cancers, prostate cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer (CRC); indeed, CysLTR1 tumor expression is associated with poor survival prognoses in breast cancer and CRC patients, and drug inhibitors of CysLTR1 block the in vivo and in vivo (animal model) growth of CRC cells and tumors, respectively. The pro-cancer effects of CysLTR1 in CRC appear due to its ability to up-regulate pathways that increase in CRC cell proliferation and survival.[6][7]

Other cysLT receptors include cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (i.e. CysLTR2) and GPR99 (also termed the oxoglutarate receptor and, sometimes, CysLTR3).[2] The order of potency of the cysLTs in stimulating CysLTR2 is LTD4=LTC4>LTE4[3] with LTE4 probably lacking sufficient potency to have much activity that operates through CysLTR2 in vivo.[2] GPR99 appears to be an important receptor for CysLTs, particularly for LTE4. The CystLTs show relative potencies of LTE4>LTC4>LTD4 in stimulating GPR99-bearing cells with GPR99-deficient mice exhibiting a dose-dependent loss of vascular permeability responses in skin to LTE4 but not to LTC4 or LTD4. This and other data suggest that GPR99 is an important receptor for the in vivo actions of LTE4 but not LTD4 or LTC4[2][8][9]

The GPR17 receptor, also termed the uracil nucleotide/cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, was initially defined as a receptor for LTC4, LTD4, and uracil nucleotides. However, more recent studies from different laboratories could not confirm these results; they found that GPR17-bearing cells did not respond to these CysLTs or nucleotides but did find that cells expressing both CysLTR1 and GPR17 receptors exhibited a marked reduction in binding LTC4 and that mice lacking GPR17 were hyper-responsive to igE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. GPR17 therefore appears to inhibit CysLTR1, at least in these model systems.[10] In striking contrast to these studies, studies concentration on neural tissues continue to find that Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells express GPR17 and respond through this receptor to LTC4, LTD4, and certain purines (see GPR17#Function).

The Purinergic receptor, P2Y12, while not directly binding or responding to CysLTs, appears to be activated as a consequence of activating CysLT1: blockage of P2Y12 activation either by receptor depletion or pharmacological methods inhibits many of the CysLTR1-dependent actions of CysLTs in various cell types in vitro as well as in an animal model of allergic disease.[4][11][12][5]

Ligands

The major CysLTs viz., LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, are metabolites of arachidonic acid made by the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme, ALOX5, mainly by cells involved in regulating inflammation, allergy, and other immune responses such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, and B-lymphocytes. ALOX5 metabolizes arachidonic acid to the 5,6-epoxide precursor, LTA4, which is then acted on by LTC4 synthase which attaches the γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine tripeptide (i.e. glutathione) to carbon 6 of the intermediate thereby forming LTC4 synthase. LTC4 then exits its cells of origin through the MRP1 transporter (ABCC1) and is rapidly converted to LTD4 and then to LTE4) by cell surface-attached gamma-glutamyltransferase and dipeptidase peptidase enzymes by the sequential removal of the γ-glutamyl and then glycine residues.[3][13][14]

Gene polymorphism

927T/C (nucleotide thymine replaces cytosine at position 97 of the CysLTR1 gene) gene polymorphism in the coding region of CysLTR1 has been shown to be predictive of the severity of atopy (i.e. a predisposition toward developing certain allergic hypersensitivity reactions), but not associated with asthma, in a population of 341 Caucasians in afflicted sib-pair families from the Southampton area in the United Kingdom. This atopy severity was most apparent in female siblings but the incidence of this polymorphism is extremely low and the functionality of the 927T/C gene and its product protein are as yet unknown.[15][16]

The population of the small remote far South Atlantic Ocean island of Tristan da Cunha (266 permanent, genetically isolated residents) suffers a high prevalence of atopy and asthma. The CysLTR1 gene product variant, 300G/S (i.e. amino acid glycine replaces serine at the 300 position of the CysLTR1 protein), has been shown to be significantly associated with atopy in this population. The CysLTR1 300S variant exhibited significant increased sensitivity to LTD4 and LTC4 suggesting that this hypersensitivity underlies its association with atopy.[17][18]

Clinical significance

In spite of the other receptors cited as being responsive to CysLTs, CysLTR1 appears to be critical in mediating many of the pathological responses to CysLTs in humans. Montelukast, Zafirlukast, and Pranlukast are selective receptor antagonists for the CysLTR1 but not CysLTR2. These drugs are in use and/or shown to be effective as prophalaxis and chronic treatments for allergic and non-allergic diseases such as: allergen-induced asthma and rhinitis; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced asthma and rhinitis (see Aspirin-induced asthma); exercise- and cold-air induced asthma (see Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction); and childhood sleep apnea due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy (see Acquired non-inflammatory myopathy#Diet and Trauma Induced Myopathy).[13][14][19][20] However, responses to these lukast drugs vary greatly with the drugs showing fairly high rates of poor responses and ~20% of patients reporting no change in symptoms after treatment with these agents.[9][21][22] It seems possible that the responses of CysLTR2, GPR99, or other receptors to CysLT's may be contributing to these diseases.[4][11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Zhang J, Migita O, Koga M, Shibasaki M, Arinami T, Noguchi E (June 2006). "Determination of structure and transcriptional regulation of CYSLTR1 and an association study with asthma and rhinitis". Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 17 (4): 242–9. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2005.00347.x. PMID 16771777.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Singh RK, Tandon R, Dastidar SG, Ray A (November 2013). "A review on leukotrienes and their receptors with reference to asthma". The Journal of Asthma. 50 (9): 922–31. doi:10.3109/02770903.2013.823447. PMID 23859232.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Liu M, Yokomizo T (2015). "The role of leukotrienes in allergic diseases". Allergology International. 64 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2014.09.001. PMID 25572555.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cattaneo M (2015). "P2Y12 receptors: structure and function". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 13 Suppl 1: S10–6. doi:10.1111/jth.12952. PMID 26149010.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Ghosh A, Chen F, Thakur A, Hong H (2016). "Cysteinyl Leukotrienes and Their Receptors: Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Central Nervous System Disorders". CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 22 (12): 943–951. doi:10.1111/cns.12596. PMID 27542570.
  6. ↑ Singh RK, Gupta S, Dastidar S, Ray A (2010). "Cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors: molecular and functional characteristics". Pharmacology. 85 (6): 336–49. doi:10.1159/000312669. PMID 20516735.
  7. ↑ Savari S, Vinnakota K, Zhang Y, Sjölander A (2014). "Cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors: bridging inflammation and colorectal cancer". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (4): 968–77. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i4.968. PMC 3921548. PMID 24574769.
  8. ↑ Bankova LG, Lai J, Yoshimoto E, Boyce JA, Austen KF, Kanaoka Y, Barrett NA (May 2016). "Leukotriene E4 elicits respiratory epithelial cell mucin release through the G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR99". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (22): 6242–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.1605957113. PMC 4896673. PMID 27185938.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kanaoka Y, Maekawa A, Austen KF (April 2013). "Identification of GPR99 protein as a potential third cysteinyl leukotriene receptor with a preference for leukotriene E4 ligand". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288 (16): 10967–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.C113.453704. PMC 3630866. PMID 23504326.
  10. ↑ Kanaoka Y, Boyce JA (2014). "Cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors; emerging concepts". Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 6 (4): 288–95. doi:10.4168/aair.2014.6.4.288. PMC 4077954. PMID 24991451.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Austen KF, Maekawa A, Kanaoka Y, Boyce JA (2009). "The leukotriene E4 puzzle: finding the missing pieces and revealing the pathobiologic implications". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 124 (3): 406–14, quiz 415–6. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.046. PMC 2739263. PMID 19647860.
  12. ↑ Baptista-dos-Reis R, Muniz VS, Neves JS (2015). "Multifaceted roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes in eliciting eosinophil granule protein secretion". BioMed Research International. 2015: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2015/848762. PMC 4383494. PMID 25866815.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Haeggström JZ, Funk CD (October 2011). "Lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathways: biochemistry, biology, and roles in disease". Chemical Reviews. 111 (10): 5866–98. doi:10.1021/cr200246d. PMID 21936577.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Anwar Y, Sabir JS, Qureshi MI, Saini KS (April 2014). "5-lipoxygenase: a promising drug target against inflammatory diseases-biochemical and pharmacological regulation". Current Drug Targets. 15 (4): 410–22. doi:10.2174/1389450114666131209110745. PMID 24313690.
  15. ↑ Allen BW (1980). "Inhibitory effect of rubber on the growth of M. tuberculosis". Tubercle. 61 (2): 91–5. doi:10.1016/0041-3879(80)90016-1. PMID 6776674.
  16. ↑ "WikiGenes - Collaborative Publishing". WikiGenes - Collaborative Publishing.
  17. ↑ Thompson MD, Capra V, Takasaki J, Maresca G, Rovati GE, Slutsky AS, Lilly C, Zamel N, McIntyre Burnham W, Cole DE, Siminovitch KA (2007). "A functional G300S variant of the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor is associated with atopy in a Tristan da Cunha isolate". Pharmacogenetics and Genomics. 17 (7): 539–49. doi:10.1097/FPC.0b013e328012d0bf. PMID 17558309.
  18. ↑ Yaddaden L, Véronneau S, Thompson MD, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Stankova J (2016). "Cellular signalling of cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor variants CysLT₁-G300S and CysLT₁-I206S". Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 105: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2015.12.004. PMID 26869085.
  19. ↑ Kar M, Altıntoprak N, Muluk NB, Ulusoy S, Bafaqeeh SA, Cingi C (March 2016). "Antileukotrienes in adenotonsillar hypertrophy: a review of the literature". European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 273 (12): 4111–4117. doi:10.1007/s00405-016-3983-8. PMID 26980339.
  20. ↑ Oussalah A, Mayorga C, Blanca M, Barbaud A, Nakonechna A, Cernadas J, Gotua M, Brockow K, Caubet JC, Bircher A, Atanaskovic M, Demoly P, K Tanno L, Terreehorst I, Laguna JJ, Romano A, Guéant JL (April 2016). "Genetic variants associated with drugs-induced immediate hypersensitivity reactions: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review". Allergy. 71 (4): 443–62. doi:10.1111/all.12821. PMID 26678823.
  21. ↑ Thompson MD, Takasaki J, Capra V, Rovati GE, Siminovitch KA, Burnham WM, Hudson TJ, Bossé Y, Cole DE (2006). "G-protein-coupled receptors and asthma endophenotypes: the cysteinyl leukotriene system in perspective". Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy. 10 (6): 353–66. doi:10.1007/bf03256212. PMID 17154652.
  22. ↑ Szefler SJ, Phillips BR, Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Lemanske RF, Strunk RC, Zeiger RS, Larsen G, Spahn JD, Bacharier LB, Bloomberg GR, Guilbert TW, Heldt G, Morgan WJ, Moss MH, Sorkness CA, Taussig LM (2005). "Characterization of within-subject responses to fluticasone and montelukast in childhood asthma". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 115 (2): 233–42. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2004.11.014. PMID 15696076.

Further reading

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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