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{{Infobox_gene}}
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'''Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 6''', also known as '''GRM6''' or '''mGluR6''', is a [[protein]] which in humans is encoded by the ''GRM6'' [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GRM6 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 6| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2916| accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="pmid9215706">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hashimoto T, Inazawa J, Okamoto N, Tagawa Y, Bessho Y, Honda Y, Nakanishi S | title = The whole nucleotide sequence and chromosomal localization of the gene for human metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 6 | journal = Eur. J. Neurosci. | volume = 9 | issue = 6 | pages = 1226–35 |date=June 1997 | pmid = 9215706 | doi = 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01477.x| url =  }}</ref>
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = 
| image_source = 
| PDB =
| Name = Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 6
| HGNCid = 4598
| Symbol = GRM6
| AltSymbols =; CSNB1B; DKFZp686H1993; GPRC1F; MGLUR6; mGlu6
| OMIM = 604096
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 20232
| MGIid = 
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_GRM6_208035_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003676 |text = nucleic acid binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004872 |text = receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008067 |text = metabotropic glutamate, GABA-B-like receptor activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005622 |text = intracellular}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005887 |text = integral to plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016021 |text = integral to membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006355 |text = regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007216 |text = metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0009584 |text = detection of visible light}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0050896 |text = response to stimulus}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 2916
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000113262
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_000834
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_000843
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 5
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 178324702
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 178354730
    | Hs_Uniprot = O15303
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 
    | Mm_Ensembl = 
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'''Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 6''', also known as '''GRM6''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GRM6 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 6| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2916| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{PBB_Summary
 
| section_title =
L-[[glutamate]] is the major excitatory [[neurotransmitter]] in the [[central nervous system]] and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The [[metabotropic glutamate receptor]]s are a family of [[G protein-coupled receptor]]s, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes [[GRM1]] and [[GRM5]] and these receptors have been shown to activate [[phospholipase C]]. Group II includes [[Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2|GRM2]] and [[Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3|GRM3]], while Group III includes [[Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4|GRM4]], GRM6, [[Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7|GRM7]] and [[Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8|GRM8]]. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the [[cyclic AMP]] cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.<ref name="entrez" />
| summary_text = L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3, while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GRM6 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 6| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2916| accessdate = }}</ref>
 
}}
mGluR6 is specifically expressed in the retina, in a subtype of [[Retina bipolar cell | bipolar cells]] that [[Depolarization | depolarize]] in response to light. These cells form [[synapse | synapses]] with [[Photoreceptor cell | photoreceptor cells]], and detect the [[neurotransmitter]] glutamate via a GPCR signal transduction cascade. The glutamate receptor mGluR6 is located post-synaptically at the tips of the bipolar cell [[Dendrite| dendrites]], and is responsible for initiating the signaling cascade.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakajima Y, Iwakabe H, Akazawa C, Nawa H, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S | title = Molecular characterization of a novel retinal metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 with a high agonist selectivity for L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate | journal = J Biol Chem | volume = 268 | issue = 16 | pages = 11868–73 | date = 1993 | pmid = 8389366}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Masu M, Iwakabe H, Tagawa Y, Miyoshi T, Yamashita M, Fukuda Y, Sasaki H, Hiroi K, Nakamura Y, Shigemoto R, Takada M, Nakamura K, Nakao K, Katsuki M, Nakanishi S | title = Specific deficit of the ON response in visual transmission by targeted disruption of the mGluR6 gene | journal = Cell | volume = 80 | issue = 5 | pages = 757–65 | date = 1995 | pmid = 7889569}}</ref> In human patients, mutations in the ''GRM6'' gene are associated with congenital stationary night blindness.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dryja TP, McGee TL, Berson EL, Fishman GA, Sandberg MA, Alexander KR, Derlacki DJ, Rajagopalan AS | title = Night blindness and abnormal cone electroretinogram ON responses in patients with mutations in the GRM6 gene encoding mGluR6 | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 102 | issue = 13 | pages = 4884–9 | date = 2005 |  pmid = 15781871 | pmc = 555731 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0501233102| bibcode = 2005PNAS..102.4884D }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zeitz C, van Genderen M, Neidhardt J, Luhmann UF, Hoeben F, Forster U, Wycisk K, Mátyás G, Hoyng CB, Riemslag F, Meire F, Cremers FP, Berger W | title = Mutations in GRM6 cause autosomal recessive congenital stationary night blindness with a distinctive scotopic 15-Hz flicker electroretinogram | journal = Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci | volume = 46 | issue = 11 | pages = 4328–35 | date = 2005 | pmid = 16249515 | doi = 10.1167/iovs.05-0526}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Hashimoto T, Inazawa J, Okamoto N, etal |title=The whole nucleotide sequence and chromosomal localization of the gene for human metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 6 |journal=Eur. J. Neurosci. |volume=9 |issue= 6 |pages= 1226–35 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9215706 |doi=10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01477.x }}
| citations =
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Dhingra A, Lyubarsky A, Jiang M, etal |title=The light response of ON bipolar neurons requires G[alpha]o |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=20 |issue= 24 |pages= 9053–8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11124982 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hashimoto T, Inazawa J, Okamoto N, ''et al.'' |title=The whole nucleotide sequence and chromosomal localization of the gene for human metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 6. |journal=Eur. J. Neurosci. |volume=9 |issue= 6 |pages= 1226-35 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9215706 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Valerio A, Ferraboli S, Paterlini M, etal |title=Identification of novel alternatively-spliced mRNA isoforms of metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 gene in rat and human retina |journal=Gene |volume=262 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 99–106 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11179672 |doi=10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00547-3 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dhingra A, Lyubarsky A, Jiang M, ''et al.'' |title=The light response of ON bipolar neurons requires G[alpha]o. |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=20 |issue= 24 |pages= 9053-8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11124982 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Dryja TP, McGee TL, Berson EL, etal |title=Night blindness and abnormal cone electroretinogram ON responses in patients with mutations in the GRM6 gene encoding mGluR6 |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=102 |issue= 13 |pages= 4884–9 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15781871 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.0501233102 | pmc=555731 |bibcode=2005PNAS..102.4884D }}
*{{cite journal | author=Valerio A, Ferraboli S, Paterlini M, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of novel alternatively-spliced mRNA isoforms of metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 gene in rat and human retina. |journal=Gene |volume=262 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 99-106 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11179672 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Zeitz C, van Genderen M, Neidhardt J, etal |title=Mutations in GRM6 cause autosomal recessive congenital stationary night blindness with a distinctive scotopic 15-Hz flicker electroretinogram |journal=Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. |volume=46 |issue= 11 |pages= 4328–35 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16249515 |doi= 10.1167/iovs.05-0526 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dryja TP, McGee TL, Berson EL, ''et al.'' |title=Night blindness and abnormal cone electroretinogram ON responses in patients with mutations in the GRM6 gene encoding mGluR6. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=102 |issue= 13 |pages= 4884-9 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15781871 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.0501233102 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Zeitz C, Forster U, Neidhardt J, etal |title=Night blindness-associated mutations in the ligand-binding, cysteine-rich, and intracellular domains of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 abolish protein trafficking |journal=Hum. Mutat. |volume=28 |issue= 8 |pages= 771–80 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17405131 |doi= 10.1002/humu.20499 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zeitz C, van Genderen M, Neidhardt J, ''et al.'' |title=Mutations in GRM6 cause autosomal recessive congenital stationary night blindness with a distinctive scotopic 15-Hz flicker electroretinogram. |journal=Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. |volume=46 |issue= 11 |pages= 4328-35 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16249515 |doi= 10.1167/iovs.05-0526 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zeitz C, Forster U, Neidhardt J, ''et al.'' |title=Night blindness-associated mutations in the ligand-binding, cysteine-rich, and intracellular domains of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 abolish protein trafficking. |journal=Hum. Mutat. |volume=28 |issue= 8 |pages= 771-80 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17405131 |doi= 10.1002/humu.20499 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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{{NLM content}}
{{NLM content}}
{{G protein-coupled receptors}}
{{G protein-coupled receptors|g3}}
[[Category:G protein coupled receptors]]
{{Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
 
[[Category:Metabotropic glutamate receptors]]
 
 
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Latest revision as of 17:15, 10 January 2019

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 6, also known as GRM6 or mGluR6, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GRM6 gene.[1][2]

Function

L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3, while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.[1]

mGluR6 is specifically expressed in the retina, in a subtype of bipolar cells that depolarize in response to light. These cells form synapses with photoreceptor cells, and detect the neurotransmitter glutamate via a GPCR signal transduction cascade. The glutamate receptor mGluR6 is located post-synaptically at the tips of the bipolar cell dendrites, and is responsible for initiating the signaling cascade.[3][4] In human patients, mutations in the GRM6 gene are associated with congenital stationary night blindness.[5][6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Entrez Gene: GRM6 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 6".
  2. ↑ Hashimoto T, Inazawa J, Okamoto N, Tagawa Y, Bessho Y, Honda Y, Nakanishi S (June 1997). "The whole nucleotide sequence and chromosomal localization of the gene for human metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 6". Eur. J. Neurosci. 9 (6): 1226–35. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01477.x. PMID 9215706.
  3. ↑ Nakajima Y, Iwakabe H, Akazawa C, Nawa H, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S (1993). "Molecular characterization of a novel retinal metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 with a high agonist selectivity for L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate". J Biol Chem. 268 (16): 11868–73. PMID 8389366.
  4. ↑ Masu M, Iwakabe H, Tagawa Y, Miyoshi T, Yamashita M, Fukuda Y, Sasaki H, Hiroi K, Nakamura Y, Shigemoto R, Takada M, Nakamura K, Nakao K, Katsuki M, Nakanishi S (1995). "Specific deficit of the ON response in visual transmission by targeted disruption of the mGluR6 gene". Cell. 80 (5): 757–65. PMID 7889569.
  5. ↑ Dryja TP, McGee TL, Berson EL, Fishman GA, Sandberg MA, Alexander KR, Derlacki DJ, Rajagopalan AS (2005). "Night blindness and abnormal cone electroretinogram ON responses in patients with mutations in the GRM6 gene encoding mGluR6". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102 (13): 4884–9. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.4884D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501233102. PMC 555731. PMID 15781871.
  6. ↑ Zeitz C, van Genderen M, Neidhardt J, Luhmann UF, Hoeben F, Forster U, Wycisk K, Mátyás G, Hoyng CB, Riemslag F, Meire F, Cremers FP, Berger W (2005). "Mutations in GRM6 cause autosomal recessive congenital stationary night blindness with a distinctive scotopic 15-Hz flicker electroretinogram". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 46 (11): 4328–35. doi:10.1167/iovs.05-0526. PMID 16249515.

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.


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