Γ-interferon activated sequence gene transcriptions

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Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Henry A. Hoff

"To ascertain whether one or both of these two [acid-labile subunit (ALS)-γ-interferon activated sequence (GAS)] ALS-GAS sites were functionally important for GH stimulation of ALS promoter activity, plasmids containing block mutations of either ALS-GAS1 [...] or ALS-GAS2 [...] were prepared in the context of the luciferase construct retaining full responsiveness to GH [...], and transfected into H4-II-E cells [...]. Mutation of the ALS-GAS1 element abolished the ability of the promoter to respond to GH [...]; mutation of the ALS-GAS2 element was without effect. Thus, an intact ALS-GAS1 element is necessary for GH stimulation of ALS promoter activity."[1]

Human genes

Main article: Human genes

Interactions

Main article: Interaction gene transcriptions

Consensus sequences

Main article: Consensus sequence gene transcriptions

"Computer analysis of the nt −653 to nt −483 region identified two sites that resemble the [γ-interferon activated sequence] GAS consensus sequence, TTNCNNNAA (19). Similar GAS-like sites have been shown to mediate the effects of various cytokines, including [growth hormone] GH, on the transcription of other genes (19, 20). The first site, TTCCTAGAA (ALS-GAS1), is located between nt −633 and nt −625; the second site, TTAGACAAA (ALS-GAS2), is located between nt −553 and nt −545."[1]

"The GAS element is a palindromic sequence [consensus: TTCN(2–4)GAA] that binds all STATs, except for STAT2. Thus, STAT1 homodimers bind to an element with canonical N = 3 spacing (39). To date, many GAS-containing STAT1-target genes have been identified (40), including guanylate-binding protein (GBP), SOCS1, IRF1, and IRF8."[2]

"Studies of the GBP gene, which is inducible by both IFNγ and IFNα/β, has led to the identification of the IFNγ activation site (GAS, consensus sequence: TTCCNGGAA (40) [...]), in addition to an ISRE (104, 105). Subsequently, GAS was shown to be involved in the IFN-II-mediated transcriptional activation of several other genes and predominantly localized in their proximal promoters [...]. In the GBP gene, an ISRE was also found juxtaposed to the GAS, and both elements clearly contributed to both IFN-I and IFN-II responses (105, 106). Additional genes, stimulating cooperation of ISGF3 and GAF on ISRE and GAS composites have since been identified (40, 107) [...]. [...] In addition, binding modes exist in which multiple [γ-activated factor] GAF complexes can be recruited to adjacent GAS sites (13, 108). Similar cooperative DNA-binding has been described for ISGF3 (109)."[2]

Hypotheses

Main article: Hypotheses
  1. A1BG has no GASes in either promoter.
  2. A1BG is not transcribed by a GAS.
  3. GAS does not participate in the transcription of A1BG.

γ-interferon activated sequences samplings

Looking for TTCCTAGAA.

  1. Negative strand, negative direction: 0.
  2. Positive strand, negative direction: 0.
  3. Negative strand, positive direction: 0.
  4. Positive strand, positive direction: 0.
  5. inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction: 0.
  6. inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction: 0.
  7. inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction: 0.
  8. inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction: 0.

Γ-interferon activated sequence samplings

Comparison of GAS-Like Elements Shown to Mediate the Effect of GH on Chromosomal Genes:[1]
Name of element Sequence Preferred STAT Gene and reference
Spi-GLE1 TTC TGA GAA STAT5 Rat Spi 2.1 (27)
INS-GLE TTC TGG GAA STAT5 Rat insulin (29)
CYPGHRE TTC CTG GAA STAT5 Hamster CYP3A10/6β (30)
ALS-GAS1 TTC CTA GAA STAT5 Mouse ALS (this study)
SIE TTC CCG TAA STAT1 and 3 Rat c-fos (22,57–59)
m67 TTC CCG TCA STAT1 and 3 Optimized c-fos SIE (22)

Copying a responsive element consensus sequence TTNCNNNAA and putting the sequence in "⌘F" finds none between ZNF497 and A1BG and none between ZSCAN22 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence TTNCNNNAA (starting with SuccessablesGAS.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:

  1. negative strand, negative direction, looking for TTNCNNNAA, 3, TTTCTGTAA at 4509, TTTCCAAAA at 3349, TTTCGTAAA at 189.
  2. positive strand, negative direction, looking for TTNCNNNAA, 7, TTCCCTGAA at 3782, TTTCATCAA at 2889, TTGCTTGAA at 2380, TTGCCTGAA at 1624, TTTCAAAAA at 1385, TTACTTGAA at 1301, TTGCTTGAA at 1010.
  3. negative strand, positive direction, looking for TTNCNNNAA, 2, TTCCGGGAA at 4247, TTGCAGGAA at 2747.
  4. positive strand, positive direction, looking for TTNCNNNAA, 2, TTTCCGAAA at 1095, TTCCATGAA at 128.
  5. inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for TTNNNGNAA, 5, TTTCTGTAA at 4509, TTTAAGCAA at 3503, TTGAGGTAA at 1378, TTTTCGTAA at 188, TTAAAGAAA at 25.
  6. inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for TTNNNGNAA, 3, TTAAGGAAA at 2957, TTGGGGAAA at 2926, TTCGGGAAA at 2458.
  7. inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for TTNNNGNAA, 3, TTCCGGGAA at 4247, TTGCAGGAA at 2747, TTTTTGTAA at 2455.
  8. inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for TTNNNGNAA, 2, TTGTAGTAA at 4118, TTTCCGAAA at 1095.

GAS (4560-2846) UTRs

  1. Negative strand, negative direction: TTTCTGTAA at 4509, TTTCCAAAA at 3349.
  2. Negative strand, negative direction: TTTAAGCAA at 3503.
  3. Positive strand, negative direction: TTCCCTGAA at 3782, TTTCATCAA at 2889.
  4. Positive strand, negative direction: TTAAGGAAA at 2957, TTGGGGAAA at 2926.

GAS positive direction (4265-4050) proximal promoters

  1. Negative strand, positive direction: TTCCGGGAA at 4247.
  2. Positive strand, positive direction: TTGTAGTAA at 4118.

GAS negative direction (2596-1) distal promoters

  1. Negative strand, negative direction: TTTCGTAAA at 189.
  2. Negative strand, negative direction: TTGAGGTAA at 1378, TTTTCGTAA at 188, TTAAAGAAA at 25.
  3. Positive strand, negative direction: TTGCTTGAA at 2380, TTGCCTGAA at 1624, TTTCAAAAA at 1385, TTACTTGAA at 1301, TTGCTTGAA at 1010.
  4. Positive strand, negative direction: TTCGGGAAA at 2458.

GAS positive direction (4050-1) distal promoters

  1. Negative strand, positive direction: TTGCAGGAA at 2747.
  2. Negative strand, positive direction: TTTTTGTAA at 2455.
  3. Positive strand, positive direction: TTTCCGAAA at 1095, TTCCATGAA at 128.

Γ-interferon activated sequence random dataset samplings

  1. GASr0: 9, TTACCTAAA at 4428, TTTCCTTAA at 4208, TTACCCGAA at 4137, TTACCGCAA at 4039, TTACCGTAA at 3782, TTTCCTTAA at 3691, TTGCACCAA at 3479, TTGCACAAA at 1787, TTACCAAAA at 194.
  2. GASr1: 10, TTACTAAAA at 4453, TTACGCAAA at 4407, TTTCTAGAA at 3694, TTTCTAAAA at 3590, TTGCGATAA at 3019, TTCCCCGAA at 2455, TTACGTGAA at 1859, TTGCGTAAA at 1253, TTGCAGCAA at 797, TTCCAGCAA at 779.
  3. GASr2: 5, TTACTCAAA at 4308, TTGCCCCAA at 4079, TTTCGCCAA at 3959, TTCCCCTAA at 928, TTGCCATAA at 792.
  4. GASr3: 11, TTTCTGGAA at 4404, TTTCCAAAA at 3594, TTACCCCAA at 3302, TTGCGATAA at 3230, TTCCTGAAA at 2934, TTACGAAAA at 2462, TTCCTTTAA at 1849, TTCCTAAAA at 1040, TTACATTAA at 323, TTCCCCAAA at 156, TTTCCCCAA at 155.
  5. GASr4: 6, TTGCAGTAA at 3933, TTACCTTAA at 2598, TTGCCCGAA at 1849, TTCCTTTAA at 829, TTTCTCCAA at 416, TTGCCTAAA at 301.
  6. GASr5: 3, TTTCGTAAA at 3661, TTCCTTAAA at 2291, TTTCCCCAA at 1614.
  7. GASr6: 11, TTCCGACAA at 4299, TTCCTTTAA at 3958, TTCCATAAA at 3695, TTCCCAAAA at 3679, TTTCCCAAA at 3678, TTTCGGAAA at 3300, TTCCCTCAA at 2971, TTACGGTAA at 1789, TTTCATAAA at 1124, TTTCAAAAA at 767, TTGCGCAAA at 361.
  8. GASr7: 5, TTTCCTTAA at 4239, TTTCGCAAA at 2392, TTTCGTTAA at 2250, TTCCGGTAA at 1830, TTTCCTTAA at 594.
  9. GASr8: 12, TTACGTTAA at 3930, TTGCTTTAA at 3382, TTGCCAAAA at 3342, TTGCAATAA at 2401, TTTCTAAAA at 2388, TTCCGGAAA at 2127, TTTCCGGAA at 2126, TTTCGGGAA at 1556, TTCCATGAA at 1472, TTCCTACAA at 988, TTCCAACAA at 618, TTACAACAA at 233.
  10. GASr9: 2, TTCCCCAAA at 3139, TTGCCCCAA at 1915.
  11. GASr0ci: 7, TTACCGCAA at 4039, TTACCGTAA at 3782, TTTTTGCAA at 2959, TTGTAGTAA at 2623, TTGATGAAA at 1931, TTCACGCAA at 663, TTAAAGAAA at 633.
  12. GASr1ci: 4, TTATCGGAA at 2316, TTTGAGCAA at 2217, TTGCAGCAA at 797, TTCCAGCAA at 779.
  13. GASr2ci: 4, TTTGTGGAA at 4490, TTGGGGCAA at 3050, TTAAAGCAA at 2916, TTTAAGTAA at 2136.
  14. GASr3ci: 11, TTTCTGGAA at 4404, TTCTTGGAA at 4224, TTGGCGTAA at 4113, TTTTTGTAA at 3762, TTCCTGAAA at 2934, TTTTGGGAA at 2545, TTTACGAAA at 2461, TTGTTGAAA at 2273, TTTTCGTAA at 2229, TTTATGTAA at 1564, TTCTCGTAA at 893.
  15. GASr4ci: 5, TTGCAGTAA at 3933, TTCGCGGAA at 2553, TTGTTGGAA at 2262, TTAAAGTAA at 1644, TTTTGGAAA at 1386.
  16. GASr5ci: 7, TTAGCGAAA at 4334, TTGATGTAA at 3713, TTGGGGGAA at 3003, TTGGAGTAA at 2303, TTAACGCAA at 2146, TTGTGGGAA at 1725, TTCGTGGAA at 633.
  17. GASr6ci: 9, TTTAAGTAA at 3962, TTTCGGAAA at 3300, TTTGTGCAA at 2656, TTCAAGTAA at 2546, TTAGAGCAA at 2507, TTAAAGTAA at 2184, TTACGGTAA at 1789, TTCTGGGAA at 1361, TTCGGGCAA at 124.
  18. GASr7ci: 2, TTGTTGGAA at 2943, TTCCGGTAA at 1830.
  19. GASr8ci: 7, TTTTAGAAA at 4247, TTCCGGAAA at 2127, TTTCCGGAA at 2126, TTTCGGGAA at 1556, TTTTTGTAA at 957, TTGGGGCAA at 860, TTTAAGAAA at 418.
  20. GAr9ci: 5, TTAGTGAAA at 3216, TTGAGGAAA at 2908, TTAGGGTAA at 1107, TTCGGGAAA at 936, TTTGCGAAA at 882.

GASr arbitrary (evens) (4560-2846) UTRs

  1. GASr0: TTACCTAAA at 4428, TTTCCTTAA at 4208, TTACCCGAA at 4137, TTACCGCAA at 4039, TTACCGTAA at 3782, TTTCCTTAA at 3691, TTGCACCAA at 3479.
  2. GASr2: TTACTCAAA at 4308, TTGCCCCAA at 4079, TTTCGCCAA at 3959.
  3. GASr4: TTGCAGTAA at 3933.
  4. GASr6: TTCCGACAA at 4299, TTCCTTTAA at 3958, TTCCATAAA at 3695, TTCCCAAAA at 3679, TTTCCCAAA at 3678, TTTCGGAAA at 3300, TTCCCTCAA at 2971.
  5. GASr8: TTACGTTAA at 3930, TTGCTTTAA at 3382, TTGCCAAAA at 3342.
  6. GASr0ci: TTACCGCAA at 4039, TTACCGTAA at 3782, TTTTTGCAA at 2959.
  7. GASr2ci: TTTGTGGAA at 4490, TTGGGGCAA at 3050, TTAAAGCAA at 2916.
  8. GASr4ci: TTGCAGTAA at 3933.
  9. GASr6ci: TTTAAGTAA at 3962, TTTCGGAAA at 3300.
  10. GASr8ci: TTTTAGAAA at 4247.

GASr alternate (odds) (4560-2846) UTRs

  1. GASr1: TTACTAAAA at 4453, TTACGCAAA at 4407, TTTCTAGAA at 3694, TTTCTAAAA at 3590, TTGCGATAA at 3019.
  2. GASr3: TTTCTGGAA at 4404, TTTCCAAAA at 3594, TTACCCCAA at 3302, TTGCGATAA at 3230, TTCCTGAAA at 2934.
  3. GASr5: TTTCGTAAA at 3661.
  4. GASr9: TTCCCCAAA at 3139.
  5. GASr3ci: TTTCTGGAA at 4404, TTCTTGGAA at 4224, TTGGCGTAA at 4113, TTTTTGTAA at 3762, TTCCTGAAA at 2934.
  6. GASr5ci: TTAGCGAAA at 4334, TTGATGTAA at 3713, TTGGGGGAA at 3003.
  7. GAr9ci: TTAGTGAAA at 3216, TTGAGGAAA at 2908.

GASr arbitrary positive direction (odds) (4445-4265) core promoters

  1. GASr1: TTACGCAAA at 4407.
  2. GASr3: TTTCTGGAA at 4404.
  3. GASr3ci: TTTCTGGAA at 4404.
  4. GASr5ci: TTAGCGAAA at 4334.

GASr alternate positive direction (evens) (4445-4265) core promoters

  1. GASr0: TTACCTAAA at 4428.
  2. GASr2: TTACTCAAA at 4308.
  3. GASr6: TTCCGACAA at 4299.

GASr arbitrary negative direction (evens) (2811-2596) proximal promoters

  1. GASr4: TTACCTTAA at 2598.
  2. GASr0ci: TTGTAGTAA at 2623.
  3. GASr6ci: TTTGTGCAA at 2656.

GASr arbitrary positive direction (odds) (4265-4050) proximal promoters

  1. GASr7: TTTCCTTAA at 4239.
  2. GASr3ci: TTCTTGGAA at 4224, TTGGCGTAA at 4113.

GASr alternate positive direction (evens) (4265-4050) proximal promoters

  1. GASr0: TTTCCTTAA at 4208, TTACCCGAA at 4137.
  2. GASr2: TTGCCCCAA at 4079.
  3. GASr8ci: TTTTAGAAA at 4247.

GASr arbitrary negative direction (evens) (2596-1) distal promoters

  1. GASr0: TTGCACAAA at 1787, TTACCAAAA at 194.
  2. GASr2: TTCCCCTAA at 928, TTGCCATAA at 792.
  3. GASr4: TTGCCCGAA at 1849, TTCCTTTAA at 829, TTTCTCCAA at 416, TTGCCTAAA at 301.
  4. GASr6: TTACGGTAA at 1789, TTTCATAAA at 1124, TTTCAAAAA at 767, TTGCGCAAA at 361.
  5. GASr8: TTGCAATAA at 2401, TTTCTAAAA at 2388, TTCCGGAAA at 2127, TTTCCGGAA at 2126, TTTCGGGAA at 1556, TTCCATGAA at 1472, TTCCTACAA at 988, TTCCAACAA at 618, TTACAACAA at 233.
  6. GASr0ci: TTGATGAAA at 1931, TTCACGCAA at 663, TTAAAGAAA at 633.
  7. GASr2ci: TTTAAGTAA at 2136.
  8. GASr4ci: TTCGCGGAA at 2553, TTGTTGGAA at 2262, TTAAAGTAA at 1644, TTTTGGAAA at 1386.
  9. GASr6ci: TTCAAGTAA at 2546, TTAGAGCAA at 2507, TTAAAGTAA at 2184, TTACGGTAA at 1789, TTCTGGGAA at 1361, TTCGGGCAA at 124.
  10. GASr8ci: TTCCGGAAA at 2127, TTTCCGGAA at 2126, TTTCGGGAA at 1556, TTTTTGTAA at 957, TTGGGGCAA at 860, TTTAAGAAA at 418.

GASr alternate negative direction (odds) (2596-1) distal promoters

  1. GASr1: TTCCCCGAA at 2455, TTACGTGAA at 1859, TTGCGTAAA at 1253, TTGCAGCAA at 797, TTCCAGCAA at 779.
  2. GASr3: TTACGAAAA at 2462, TTCCTTTAA at 1849, TTCCTAAAA at 1040, TTACATTAA at 323, TTCCCCAAA at 156, TTTCCCCAA at 155.
  3. GASr5: TTCCTTAAA at 2291, TTTCCCCAA at 1614.
  4. GASr7: TTTCGCAAA at 2392, TTTCGTTAA at 2250, TTCCGGTAA at 1830, TTTCCTTAA at 594.
  5. GASr9: TTGCCCCAA at 1915.
  6. GASr1ci: TTATCGGAA at 2316, TTTGAGCAA at 2217, TTGCAGCAA at 797, TTCCAGCAA at 779.
  7. GASr3ci: TTTTGGGAA at 2545, TTTACGAAA at 2461, TTGTTGAAA at 2273, TTTTCGTAA at 2229, TTTATGTAA at 1564, TTCTCGTAA at 893.
  8. GASr5ci: TTGGAGTAA at 2303, TTAACGCAA at 2146, TTGTGGGAA at 1725, TTCGTGGAA at 633.
  9. GASr7ci: TTCCGGTAA at 1830.
  10. GAr9ci: TTAGGGTAA at 1107, TTCGGGAAA at 936, TTTGCGAAA at 882.

GASr arbitrary positive direction (odds) (4050-1) distal promoters

  1. GASr1: TTTCTAGAA at 3694, TTTCTAAAA at 3590, TTGCGATAA at 3019, TTCCCCGAA at 2455, TTACGTGAA at 1859, TTGCGTAAA at 1253, TTGCAGCAA at 797, TTCCAGCAA at 779.
  2. GASr3: TTTCCAAAA at 3594, TTACCCCAA at 3302, TTGCGATAA at 3230, TTCCTGAAA at 2934, TTACGAAAA at 2462, TTCCTTTAA at 1849, TTCCTAAAA at 1040, TTACATTAA at 323, TTCCCCAAA at 156, TTTCCCCAA at 155.
  3. GASr5: TTTCGTAAA at 3661, TTCCTTAAA at 2291, TTTCCCCAA at 1614.
  4. GASr7: TTTCGCAAA at 2392, TTTCGTTAA at 2250, TTCCGGTAA at 1830, TTTCCTTAA at 594.
  5. GASr9: TTCCCCAAA at 3139, TTGCCCCAA at 1915.
  6. GASr1ci: TTATCGGAA at 2316, TTTGAGCAA at 2217, TTGCAGCAA at 797, TTCCAGCAA at 779.
  7. GASr3ci: TTTTTGTAA at 3762, TTCCTGAAA at 2934, TTTTGGGAA at 2545, TTTACGAAA at 2461, TTGTTGAAA at 2273, TTTTCGTAA at 2229, TTTATGTAA at 1564, TTCTCGTAA at 893.
  8. GASr5ci: TTGATGTAA at 3713, TTGGGGGAA at 3003, TTGGAGTAA at 2303, TTAACGCAA at 2146, TTGTGGGAA at 1725, TTCGTGGAA at 633.
  9. GASr7ci: TTGTTGGAA at 2943, TTCCGGTAA at 1830.
  10. GAr9ci: TTAGTGAAA at 3216, TTGAGGAAA at 2908, TTAGGGTAA at 1107, TTCGGGAAA at 936, TTTGCGAAA at 882.

GASr alternate positive direction (evens) (4050-1) distal promoters

  1. GASr0: TTACCGCAA at 4039, TTACCGTAA at 3782, TTTCCTTAA at 3691, TTGCACCAA at 3479, TTGCACAAA at 1787, TTACCAAAA at 194.
  2. GASr2: TTTCGCCAA at 3959, TTCCCCTAA at 928, TTGCCATAA at 792.
  3. GASr4: TTGCAGTAA at 3933, TTACCTTAA at 2598, TTGCCCGAA at 1849, TTCCTTTAA at 829, TTTCTCCAA at 416, TTGCCTAAA at 301.
  4. GASr6: TTCCTTTAA at 3958, TTCCATAAA at 3695, TTCCCAAAA at 3679, TTTCCCAAA at 3678, TTTCGGAAA at 3300, TTCCCTCAA at 2971, TTACGGTAA at 1789, TTTCATAAA at 1124, TTTCAAAAA at 767, TTGCGCAAA at 361.
  5. GASr8: TTACGTTAA at 3930, TTGCTTTAA at 3382, TTGCCAAAA at 3342, TTGCAATAA at 2401, TTTCTAAAA at 2388, TTCCGGAAA at 2127, TTTCCGGAA at 2126, TTTCGGGAA at 1556, TTCCATGAA at 1472, TTCCTACAA at 988, TTCCAACAA at 618, TTACAACAA at 233.
  6. GASr0ci: TTACCGCAA at 4039, TTACCGTAA at 3782, TTTTTGCAA at 2959, TTGTAGTAA at 2623, TTGATGAAA at 1931, TTCACGCAA at 663, TTAAAGAAA at 633.
  7. GASr2ci: TTGGGGCAA at 3050, TTAAAGCAA at 2916, TTTAAGTAA at 2136.
  8. GASr4ci: TTGCAGTAA at 3933, TTCGCGGAA at 2553, TTGTTGGAA at 2262, TTAAAGTAA at 1644, TTTTGGAAA at 1386.
  9. GASr6ci: TTTAAGTAA at 3962, TTTCGGAAA at 3300, TTTGTGCAA at 2656, TTCAAGTAA at 2546, TTAGAGCAA at 2507, TTAAAGTAA at 2184, TTACGGTAA at 1789, TTCTGGGAA at 1361, TTCGGGCAA at 124.
  10. GASr8ci: TTCCGGAAA at 2127, TTTCCGGAA at 2126, TTTCGGGAA at 1556, TTTTTGTAA at 957, TTGGGGCAA at 860, TTTAAGAAA at 418.

Γ-interferon activated sequence analysis and results

Main article: Complex locus A1BG and ZNF497 § Γ-interferon activated sequences

"Computer analysis of the nt −653 to nt −483 region identified two sites that resemble the [γ-interferon activated sequence] GAS consensus sequence, TTNCNNNAA (19). Similar GAS-like sites have been shown to mediate the effects of various cytokines, including [growth hormone] GH, on the transcription of other genes (19, 20). The first site, TTCCTAGAA (ALS-GAS1), is located between nt −633 and nt −625; the second site, TTAGACAAA (ALS-GAS2), is located between nt −553 and nt −545."[1]

Reals or randoms Promoters direction Numbers Strands Occurrences Averages (± 0.1)
Reals UTR negative 7 2 3.5 3.5 ± 0.5 (--3,+-4)
Randoms UTR arbitrary negative 31 10 3.1 2.65 ± 0.45
Randoms UTR alternate negative 22 10 2.2 2.65 ± 0.45
Reals Core negative 0 2 0 0
Randoms Core arbitrary negative 0 10 0 0
Randoms Core alternate negative 0 10 0 0
Reals Core positive 0 2 0 0
Randoms Core arbitrary positive 4 10 0.4 0.35
Randoms Core alternate positive 3 10 0.3 0.35
Reals Proximal negative 0 2 0 0
Randoms Proximal arbitrary negative 3 10 0.3 0.15
Randoms Proximal alternate negative 0 10 0 0.15
Reals Proximal positive 2 2 1 1
Randoms Proximal arbitrary positive 3 10 0.3 0.35
Randoms Proximal alternate positive 4 10 0.4 0.35
Reals Distal negative 10 2 5 5 ± 1 (--4,+-6)
Randoms Distal arbitrary negative 41 10 4.1 3.85 ± 0.25
Randoms Distal alternate negative 36 10 3.6 3.85 ± 0.25
Reals Distal positive 4 2 2 2 (-+2,++2)
Randoms Distal arbitrary positive 52 10 5.2 5.95 ± 0.75
Randoms Distal alternate positive 67 10 6.7 5.95 ± 0.75

Comparison:

The occurrences of real GAS UTRs and negative distals overlap the high end of the randoms, the positive proximals are greater than the randoms, and the positive distals are lower than the randoms. This suggests that the real GASes are likely active or activable.

Acknowledgements

The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Guck T. Ooi, Kelley R. Hurst, Matthew N. Poy, Matthew M. Rechler, Yves R. Boisclair (1 May 1998). "Binding of STAT5a and STAT5b to a Single Element Resembling a γ-Interferon-Activated Sequence Mediates the Growth Hormone Induction of the Mouse Acid-Labile Subunit Promoter in Liver Cells". Molecular Endocrinology. 12 (5): 675–687. doi:10.1210/mend.12.5.0115. PMID 9605930. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Agata Michalska, Katarzyna Blaszczyk, Joanna Wesoly and Hans A. R. Bluyssen (28 May 2018). "A Positive Feedback Amplifier Circuit That Regulates Interferon (IFN)-Stimulated Gene Expression and Controls Type I and Type II IFN Responses". Frontiers in Immunology. 9: 1135. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01135. Retrieved 18 March 2021.

External links

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