Activating protein gene transcriptions
Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Henry A. Hoff
Activating Protein 2 (AP-2) is a family of closely related transcription factors[1][2] which plays a critical role in regulating gene expression during early development.[3]
"AP-2 proteins can bind to G/C-rich elements, such as 5’-[G/C]CCN(3,4)GG[G/C]-3’ (41, 42)."[4]
Human genes
Gene ID: 7020 is TFAP2A transcription factor AP-2 alpha on 6p24.3: "The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor that binds the consensus sequence 5'-GCCNNNGGC-3'. The encoded protein functions as either a homodimer or as a heterodimer with similar family members. This protein activates the transcription of some genes while inhibiting the transcription of others. Defects in this gene are a cause of branchiooculofacial syndrome (BOFS). Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene."[5]
Gene ID: 7021 is TFAP2B transcription factor AP-2 beta on 6p12.3: "This gene encodes a member of the AP-2 family of transcription factors. AP-2 proteins form homo- or hetero-dimers with other AP-2 family members and bind specific DNA sequences. They are thought to stimulate cell proliferation and suppress terminal differentiation of specific cell types during embryonic development. Specific AP-2 family members differ in their expression patterns and binding affinity for different promoters. This protein functions as both a transcriptional activator and repressor. Mutations in this gene result in autosomal dominant Char syndrome, suggesting that this gene functions in the differentiation of neural crest cell derivatives."[6]
Gene ID: 7022 is TFAP2C transcription factor AP-2 gamma on 20q13.31: "The protein encoded by this gene is a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor involved in the activation of several developmental genes. The encoded protein can act as either a homodimer or heterodimer with other family members and is induced during retinoic acid-mediated differentiation. It plays a role in the development of the eyes, face, body wall, limbs, and neural tube."[7]
Gene expressions
Interactions
Consensus sequences
Consensus sequences for the Activating protein 2 (AP-2) are GCCTGGCC.[8]
Binding site for
Inverse copies
Enhancer activity
Promoter occurrences
Hypotheses
- A1BG has no Activating protein elements in either promoter.
- A1BG is not transcribed by an Activating protein elements.
- Activating protein elements do not participate in the transcription of A1BG.
Samplings
Copying 5'-GCCTGGCC-3' in "⌘F" yields none between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and two between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.
Consensus sequences for the Activating protein 2 (AP-2) are TCTTCCC and CTCCCA.[9]
Copying 5'-TCTTCCC-3' in "⌘F" yields one between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and none between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.
Copying 5'-CTCCCA-3' in "⌘F" yields none between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and five between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.
For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3' (starting with SuccessablesAP.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:
- negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3', 1, 5'-CCCTGCGGC-3' at 1154.
- negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3', 12, 5'-CCCTCAGGC-3' at 91, 5'-GCCAGCGGC-3' at 332, 5'-GCCACCGGC-3' at 1295, 5'-GCCACCGGC-3' at 1547, 5'-CCCTTAGGG-3' at 2766, 5'-GCCTCTGGC-3' at 2884, 5'-GCCAATGGG-3' at 2911, 5'-GCCCTGGGC-3' at 3498, 5'-CCCCATGGG-3' at 4223, 5'-CCCATGGGG-3' at 4224, 5'-CCCTTGGGG-3' at 4302, 5'-CCCTGGGGC-3' at 4427.
- positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3', 1, 5'-CCCAAGGGC-3' at 1820.
- positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)CCNNNGG(C/G)-3', 10, 5'-CCCTCCGGG-3' at 372, 5'-CCCGACGGC-3' at 483, 5'-GCCCCCGGC-3' at 1647, 5'-CCCGGCGGC-3' at 1758, 5'-GCCCGCGGG-3' at 1770, 5'-GCCGGTGGG-3' at 1852, 5'-CCCAGAGGC-3' at 1961, 5'-GCCAACGGG-3' at 3493, 5'-CCCTGTGGG-3' at 3533, 5'-CCCGTTGGC-3' at 3912.
- complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)GGNNNCC(C/G)-3', 1, 5'-GGGTTCCCG-3' at 1820.
- complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)GGNNNCC(C/G)-3', 10, 5'-GGGAGGCCC-3' at 372, 5'-GGGCTGCCG-3' at 483, 5'-CGGGGGCCG-3' at 1647, 5'-GGGCCGCCG-3' at 1758, 5'-CGGGCGCCC-3' at 1770, 5'-CGGCCACCC-3' at 1852, 5'-GGGTCTCCG-3' at 1961, 5'-CGGTTGCCC-3' at 3493, 5'-GGGACACCC-3' at 3533, 5'-GGGCAACCG-3' at 3912.
- complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)GGNNNCC(C/G)-3', 1, 5'-GGGACGCCG-3' at 1154.
- complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-(C/G)GGNNNCC(C/G)-3', 10, 5'-GGGAGGCCC-3' at 372, 5'-GGGCTGCCG-3' at 483, 5'-CGGGGGCCG-3' at 1647, 5'-GGGCCGCCG-3' at 1758, 5'-CGGGCGCCC-3' at 1770, 5'-CGGCCACCC-3' at 1852, 5'-GGGTCTCCG-3' at 1961, 5'-CGGTTGCCC-3' at 3493, 5'-GGGACACCC-3' at 3533, 5'-GGGCAACCG-3' at 3912.
AAA core promoters
AAA proximal promoters
AAA distal promoters
Acknowledgements
The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.
See also
References
- ↑ Williams T, Tjian R (1991). "Characterization of a dimerization motif in AP-2 and its function in heterologous DNA-binding proteins". Science. 251 (4997): 1067–71. Bibcode:1991Sci...251.1067W. doi:10.1126/science.1998122. PMID 1998122.
- ↑ Williams T, Tjian R (1991). "Analysis of the DNA-binding and activation properties of the human transcription factor AP-2". Genes Dev. 5 (4): 670–82. doi:10.1101/gad.5.4.670. PMID 2010091.
- ↑ Hilger-Eversheim K, Moser M, Schorle H, Buettner R (2000). "Regulatory roles of AP-2 transcription factors in vertebrate development, apoptosis and cell-cycle control". Gene. 260 (1–2): 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00454-6. PMID 11137286.
- ↑ Takayuki Murata, Chieko Noda, Yohei Narita1, Takahiro Watanabe, Masahiro Yoshida, Keiji Ashio, Yoshitaka Sato, Fumi Goshima, Teru Kanda, Hironori Yoshiyama, Tatsuya Tsurumi, and Hiroshi Kimura (27 January 2016). "Induction of Epstein-Barr Virus Oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) by Transcription Factors Activating Protein 2 (AP-2) and Early B Cell Factor (EBF)" (PDF). Journal of Virology. doi:10.1128/JVI.03227-15. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
- ↑ RefSeq (December 2009). "TFAP2A transcription factor AP-2 alpha [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ↑ RefSeq (July 2008). "TFAP2B transcription factor AP-2 beta [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ↑ RefSeq (July 2008). "TFAP2C transcription factor AP-2 gamma [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ↑ Isabelle R. Cohen, Susanne Grässel, Alan D. Murdoch, and Renat V. Iozzo (1 November 1993). "Structural characterization of the complete human perlecan gene and its promoter" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 90 (21): 10404–10408. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.21.10404. PMID 8234307. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ↑ Yao EF, Denison MS (June 1992). "DNA sequence determinants for binding of transformed Ah receptor to a dioxin-responsive enhancer". Biochemistry. 31 (21): 5060–7. doi:10.1021/bi00136a019. PMID 1318077.