LIM proteins, named for 'LIN11, ISL1, and MEC3,' are defined by the possession of a highly conserved double zinc finger motif called the LIM domain.[3]
Role in muscle disorders
FHL1 has been shown to be heavily expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles.[4] In 2008 this was borne out by the discovery that defects in the FHL1 gene are responsible for a number of Muscular dystrophy-like muscle disorders, ranging from severe, childhood onset diseases through to adult-onset disorders similar to Limb girdle muscular dystrophy. At present different research groups are using different terminology for these disorders, which include:
X-linked myopathy with postural muscle atrophy (XMPMA)
An adult-onset muscle disorder known to affect families in Austria and the UK.[5]
Reducing body myopathy (RBM)
A rare disorder causing progressive muscular weakness characterized by aggresome-like inclusions in the myofibrils. The effects of the disorder can be either severe, with onset of weakness at approximately five years, or adult onset, with weakness occurring in the late 20s, early 30s.[6]
Scapuloperoneal (SP) syndrome
Another adult-onset muscle disorder, especially affecting the shoulder girdle and legs.[7]
References
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↑Lee SM, Tsui SK, Chan KK, Garcia-Barcelo M, Waye MM, Fung KP, Liew CC, Lee CY (Aug 1998). "Chromosomal mapping, tissue distribution and cDNA sequence of four-and-a-half LIM domain protein 1 (FHL1)". Gene. 216 (1): 163–70. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(98)00302-3. PMID9714789.
Morgan MJ, Madgwick AJ, Charleston B, Pell JM, Loughna PT (Jul 1995). "The developmental regulation of a novel muscle LIM-protein". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 212 (3): 840–6. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2045. PMID7626119.
Maruyama K, Sugano S (Jan 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID8125298.
Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (Oct 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID9373149.
Tani S, Taniwaki M, Taniguchi Y, Minoguchi S, Kuroda K, Han H, Aoki T, Miyatake S, Hashimoto N, Honjo T (1999). "Chromosomal mapping of two RBP-J-related genes: Kyo-T and RBP-L". Journal of Human Genetics. 44 (1): 73–5. doi:10.1007/s100380050112. PMID9929984.
Morgan MJ, Madgwick AJ (Feb 1999). "The LIM proteins FHL1 and FHL3 are expressed differently in skeletal muscle". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 255 (2): 245–50. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0179. PMID10049693.
Greene WK, Baker E, Rabbitts TH, Kees UR (May 1999). "Genomic structure, tissue expression and chromosomal location of the LIM-only gene, SLIM1". Gene. 232 (2): 203–7. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00125-0. PMID10352231.
Brown S, McGrath MJ, Ooms LM, Gurung R, Maimone MM, Mitchell CA (Sep 1999). "Characterization of two isoforms of the skeletal muscle LIM protein 1, SLIM1. Localization of SLIM1 at focal adhesions and the isoform slimmer in the nucleus of myoblasts and cytoplasm of myotubes suggests distinct roles in the cytoskeleton and in nuclear-cytoplasmic communication". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (38): 27083–91. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.38.27083. PMID10480922.
Lee SM, Li HY, Ng EK, Or SM, Chan KK, Kotaka M, Chim SS, Tsui SK, Waye MM, Fung KP, Lee CY (Sep 1999). "Characterization of a brain-specific nuclear LIM domain protein (FHL1B) which is an alternatively spliced variant of FHL1". Gene. 237 (1): 253–63. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00251-6. PMID10524257.
Ng EK, Lee SM, Li HY, Ngai SM, Tsui SK, Waye MM, Lee CY, Fung KP (2001). "Characterization of tissue-specific LIM domain protein (FHL1C) which is an alternatively spliced isoform of a human LIM-only protein (FHL1)". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 82 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1002/jcb.1110. PMID11400158.
Lange S, Auerbach D, McLoughlin P, Perriard E, Schäfer BW, Perriard JC, Ehler E (Dec 2002). "Subcellular targeting of metabolic enzymes to titin in heart muscle may be mediated by DRAL/FHL-2". Journal of Cell Science. 115 (Pt 24): 4925–36. doi:10.1242/jcs.00181. PMID12432079.
Gevaert K, Goethals M, Martens L, Van Damme J, Staes A, Thomas GR, Vandekerckhove J (May 2003). "Exploring proteomes and analyzing protein processing by mass spectrometric identification of sorted N-terminal peptides". Nature Biotechnology. 21 (5): 566–9. doi:10.1038/nbt810. PMID12665801.
McGrath MJ, Mitchell CA, Coghill ID, Robinson PA, Brown S (Dec 2003). "Skeletal muscle LIM protein 1 (SLIM1/FHL1) induces alpha 5 beta 1-integrin-dependent myocyte elongation". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 285 (6): C1513–26. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00207.2003. PMID12917103.
Philippar U, Schratt G, Dieterich C, Müller JM, Galgóczy P, Engel FB, Keating MT, Gertler F, Schüle R, Vingron M, Nordheim A (Dec 2004). "The SRF target gene Fhl2 antagonizes RhoA/MAL-dependent activation of SRF". Molecular Cell. 16 (6): 867–80. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.11.039. PMID15610731.
Qin H, Du D, Zhu Y, Li J, Feng L, Liang Y, Han H (Feb 2005). "The PcG protein HPC2 inhibits RBP-J-mediated transcription by interacting with LIM protein KyoT2". FEBS Letters. 579 (5): 1220–6. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.01.022. PMID15710417.