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{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''GATA2''' or '''GATA-binding factor 2''' is a [[transcription factor]], i.e. a [[nuclear protein]] which regulates the [[Gene expression|expression]] of [[genes]].<ref name="pmid1714909">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee ME, Temizer DH, Clifford JA, Quertermous T | title = Cloning of the GATA-binding protein that regulates endothelin-1 gene expression in endothelial cells | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 266 | issue = 24 | pages = 16188–92 | date = 25 August 1991 | pmid = 1714909 | url = http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/266/24/16188 }}</ref> It regulates a large number of genes that are critical for the [[Embryogenesis|embryonic development]], [[Stem cell#Self-renewal|self-renewal]], maintenance, and functionality of [[blood|blood-forming]], [[Lymphatic system|lympathic system-forming]], and other tissue-forming [[stem cell]]s. GATA2 is encoded by the ''GATA2'' gene, a gene which often suffers [[Germline mutation|germline]] and [[Mutation#Somatic mutations|somatic]] mutations which lead to a wide range of familial and sporadic diseases, respectively. The gene and its product are targets for the treatment of these diseases.<ref name="pmid28179280">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crispino JD, Horwitz MS |title=GATA factor mutations in hematologic disease |journal=Blood |volume=129 |issue=15 |pages=2103–2110 |date=April 2017 |pmid=28179280 |pmc=5391620 |doi=10.1182/blood-2016-09-687889}}</ref><ref name="pmid28643018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hirabayashi S, Wlodarski MW, Kozyra E, Niemeyer CM | title = Heterogeneity of GATA2-related myeloid neoplasms | journal = International Journal of Hematology | volume = 106 | issue = 2 | pages = 175–182 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28643018 | doi = 10.1007/s12185-017-2285-2 | url = }}</ref>
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
[[Mutation#By effect on function|Inactivating mutation]]s of the ''GATA2'' gene cause a reduction in the cellular levels of GATA2 and the development of a wide range of familial hematological, immunological, lymphatic, and/or other disorders that are grouped together into a common disease termed [[GATA2 deficiency]]. Less commonly, these disorders are associated with non-familial (i.e. sporadic or acquired) ''GATA'' inactivating mutations.  GATA2 deficiency often begins with seemingly benign abnormalities but if untreated progresses to life-threatening [[opportunistic infection]]s, [[Oncogene|virus-induced cancers]], [[Respiratory failure|lung failure]], the [[myelodysplastic syndrome]] (i.e. MDS), and/or [[acute myeloid leukemia]], principally [[acute myeloid leukemia]] (AML), less commonly [[chronic myelomonocytic leukemia]] (CMML), and rarely a [[lymphoid leukemia]].<ref name="pmid28179280"/><ref name="pmid28643018"/>
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_GATA2_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1gnf.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1gnf}}, {{PDB2|1y0j}}
| Name = GATA binding protein 2
| HGNCid = 4171
| Symbol = GATA2
| AltSymbols =; MGC2306; NFE1B
| OMIM = 137295
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 32030
| MGIid = 95662
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_GATA2_209710_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_GATA2_210358_x_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003700 |text = transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008270 |text = zinc ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043565 |text = sequence-specific DNA binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046872 |text = metal ion binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006350 |text = transcription}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006355 |text = regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006366 |text = transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006909 |text = phagocytosis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0021983 |text = pituitary gland development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030182 |text = neuron differentiation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0048469 |text = cell maturation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0050766 |text = positive regulation of phagocytosis}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 2624
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000179348
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_116027
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_032638
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 3
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 129680962
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 129694718
    | Hs_Uniprot = P23769
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 14461
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000015053
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_008090
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_032116
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 6
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 88159532
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 88172671
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3B845
  }}
}}
'''GATA binding protein 2''', also known as '''GATA2''', is a human [[gene]].


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
Overexpression of the GATA2 transcription factor that is not due to mutations in the ''GATA2'' gene appears to be a secondary factor that promotes the aggressiveness of non-familial [[MECOM|EVI1 positive AML]] as well as the progression of [[prostate cancer]].<ref name="pmid21904383">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vicente C, Vazquez I, Conchillo A, García-Sánchez MA, Marcotegui N, Fuster O, González M, Calasanz MJ, Lahortiga I, Odero MD | title = Overexpression of GATA2 predicts an adverse prognosis for patients with acute myeloid leukemia and it is associated with distinct molecular abnormalities | journal = Leukemia | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 550–4 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 21904383 | doi = 10.1038/leu.2011.235 | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid25619630">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mir MA, Kochuparambil ST, Abraham RS, Rodriguez V, Howard M, Hsu AP, Jackson AE, Holland SM, Patnaik MM | title = Spectrum of myeloid neoplasms and immune deficiency associated with germline GATA2 mutations | journal = Cancer Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 490–9 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25619630 | pmc = 4402062 | doi = 10.1002/cam4.384 | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid27872477">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodriguez-Bravo V, Carceles-Cordon M, Hoshida Y, Cordon-Cardo C, Galsky MD, Domingo-Domenech J | title = The role of GATA2 in lethal prostate cancer aggressiveness | journal = Nature Reviews. Urology | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 38–48 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27872477 | pmc = 5489122 | doi = 10.1038/nrurol.2016.225 | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid28264478">{{cite journal | vauthors = Obinata D, Takayama K, Takahashi S, Inoue S | title = Crosstalk of the Androgen Receptor with Transcriptional Collaborators: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer | journal = Cancers | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28264478 | pmc = 5366817 | doi = 10.3390/cancers9030022 | url = }}</ref>
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =  
| summary_text = The GATA family of transcription factors, which contain zinc fingers in their DNA binding domain, have emerged as candidate regulators of gene expression in hematopoietic cells (Tsai et al., 1994). GATA1 (MIM 305371) is essential for normal primitive and definitive erythropoiesis and is expressed at high levels in erythroid cells, mast cells, and megakaryocytes. GATA2 is expressed in hematopoietic progenitors, including early erythroid cells, mast cells, and megakaryocytes, and also in nonhematopoietic embryonic stem cells. In chicken erythroid progenitors, forced expression of GATA2 promotes proliferation at the expense of differentiation (Briegel et al., 1993). GATA3 (MIM 131320) expression is restricted to T-lymphoid cells and some nonhematopoietic cell types, including embryonic stem cells.[supplied by OMIM]<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GATA2 GATA binding protein 2| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2624| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==See also==
== ''GATA2'' gene ==
The GATA2 gene is a member of the evolutionarily conserved [[GATA transcription factor]] gene family. All [[vertebrate]] species tested so far, including humans and mice, express 6 ''GATA'' genes, ''GATA1'' through ''GATA6''.<ref name="pmid23048181">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chlon TM, Crispino JD | title = Combinatorial regulation of tissue specification by GATA and FOG factors | journal = Development | volume = 139 | issue = 21 | pages = 3905–16 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 23048181 | pmc = 3472596 | doi = 10.1242/dev.080440 | url = }}</ref> The human ''GATA2'' gene is located on the long (or "q") arm of [[chromosome 3]] at position 21.3 (i.e. the 3q21.3 locus) and consists of 8 [[exons]].<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2624</ref> Two sites, termed  C-ZnF and N-ZnF, of the gene code for two [[Zinc finger]] [[structural motif]]s of the GATA2 transcription factor. These sites are critical for regulating the ability of the transcription factor to stimulate its target genes.<ref name="pmid28637621">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wlodarski MW, Collin M, Horwitz MS | title = GATA2 deficiency and related myeloid neoplasms | journal = Seminars in Hematology | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–86 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28637621 | pmc = 5650112 | doi = 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2017.05.002 | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid28179282">{{cite journal | vauthors = Katsumura KR, Bresnick EH | title = The GATA factor revolution in hematology | journal = Blood | volume = 129 | issue = 15 | pages = 2092–2102 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28179282 | pmc = 5391619 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2016-09-687871 | url = }}</ref>
 
The ''GATA2'' gene has at least five separate sites which bind nuclear factors that regulate its expression. One particularly important such site is located in [[intron]] 4. This site, termed the 9.5 kb enhancer, is located 9.5 [[Base pair#Length measurements|kilobases]] (i.e. kb) down-stream from the gene's [[Gene#Structure|transcript initiation site]] and is a critically important [[Enhancer (genetics)|enhancer]] of the gene's expression.<ref name="pmid28637621"/> Regulation of ''GATA2'' expression is highly complex. For example, in hematological stem cells, GATA2 transcription factor itself binds to one of these sites and in doing so is part of functionally important [[positive feedback]] [[autoregulation|autoregulation circuit]] wherein the transcription factor acts to promote its own production; in a second example of a positive feed back circuit, GATA2 stimulates production of [[Interleukin 1 beta]] and [[CXCL2]] which act indirectly to simulate ''GATA2'' expression. In an example of a [[negative feedback]] circuit, the GATA2 transcription factor indirectly causes activation of the [[G protein coupled receptor]], [[GPR65]], which then acts, also indirectly, to repress ''GATA2'' gene expression.<ref name="pmid28637621"/><ref name="pmid28179282"/> In a second example of negative feed-back, GATA2 transcription factor stimulates the expression of the [[GATA1]] transcription factor which in turn can displace GATA2 transcription factor from its gene-stimulating binding sites thereby limiting GATA2's actions.<ref name="pmid27235756">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shimizu R, Yamamoto M | title = GATA-related hematologic disorders | journal = Experimental Hematology | volume = 44 | issue = 8 | pages = 696–705 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27235756 | doi = 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.05.010 | url = }}</ref>
 
The human ''GATA2'' gene is [[Gene expression|expressed]] in hematological bone marrow cells at the [[stem cell]] and later [[progenitor cell]] stages of their [[Cellular differentiation|development]]. Increases and/or decreases in the gene's expression regulate the [[Stem cell#self-renewal|self-renewal]], survival, and progression of these immature cells toward their final mature forms viz., [[erythrocytes]]s, certain types of [[lymphocyte]]s (i.e. [[B cells]], [[NK cells]], and [[T helper cells]]), [[monocytes]], [[neutrophils]], [[platelet]]s, [[plasmacytoid dendritic cells]], [[macrophages]] and mast cells.<ref name="pmid28637621"/><ref name="pmid24227816"/><ref name="pmid29452225">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bigley V, Cytlak U, Collin M | title = Human dendritic cell immunodeficiencies | journal = Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology | volume = | issue = | pages = | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29452225 | doi = 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.020 | url = }}</ref> The gene is likewise critical for the formation of the [[lymphatic system]], particularly for the development of its valves. The human gene is also expressed in [[endothelium]], some non-hematological stem cells, the [[central nervous system]], and, to lesser extents, prostate, endometrium, and certain cancerous tissues.<ref name="pmid28179280"/><ref name="pmid23048181"/><ref name="pmid28637621"/>
 
The ''Gata2'' gene in mice has a structure similar to its human counterpart, Deletion of both parental ''Gata2'' genes in mice is lethal by day 10 of embryogenesis due to a total failure in the [[hematopoiesis|formation of mature blood cells]]. Inactivation of one mouse ''Gata2'' gene is neither lethal nor associated with most of the signs of human GATA2 deficiency; however, these animals do show a ~50% reduction in their [[hematopoietic stem cell]]s along with a reduced ability to repopulate the bone marrow of mouse recipients. The latter findings, human clinical studies, and experiments on human tissues support the conclusion that in humans both parental ''GATA2'' genes are required for sufficient numbers of hematopoietic stem cells to emerge from the [[hemogenic endothelium]] during [[embryogenesis]] and for these cells and subsequent [[progenitor cells]] to survive, [[Stem cell#self-renewal|self-renew]], and  [[Cellular differentiation|differentiate]] into mature cells.<ref name="pmid28637621"/><ref name="pmid24227816"/><ref name="pmid25397911"/> As GATA2 deficient individuals age, their deficiency in hematopoietic stem cells worsens, probably as a result of factors such as infections or other stresses. In consequence, the signs and symptoms of their disease appear and/or become progressively more severe.<ref name="pmid25619630"/> The role of GATA2 deficiency in leading to any of the leukemia types is not understood. Likewise, the role of GATA2 overexpression in non-familial AML as well as development of the blast crisis in [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia#Blast crisis|chronic myelogenous leukemia]] and progression of prostate cancer is not understood.<ref name="pmid25619630"/><ref name="pmid28179282"/>
 
=== Mutations ===
Scores of different types of inactivating ''GATA'' mutations have been associated with GATA2 deficiency; these include [[Frameshift mutation|frameshift]], [[point mutation|point]], [[Insertion (genetics)|insertion]], [[Splice site mutation|splice site]] and [[Deletion (genetics)|deletion]] mutations scattered throughout the gene but concentrated in the region encoding the GATA2 transcription factor's C-ZnF, N-ZnF, and 9.5 kb sites. Rare cases of GATA2 deficiency involve large mutational deletions that include the 3q21.3 locus plus contiguous adjacent genes; these mutations seem more likely than other types of ''GATA'' mutations to cause increased susceptibilities to viral infections, developmental lymphatic disorders, and neurological disturbances.<ref name="pmid28179280"/><ref name="pmid24227816">{{cite journal | vauthors = Spinner MA, Sanchez LA, Hsu AP, Shaw PA, Zerbe CS, Calvo KR, Arthur DC, Gu W, Gould CM, Brewer CC, Cowen EW, Freeman AF, Olivier KN, Uzel G, Zelazny AM, Daub JR, Spalding CD, Claypool RJ, Giri NK, Alter BP, Mace EM, Orange JS, Cuellar-Rodriguez J, Hickstein DD, Holland SM | title = GATA2 deficiency: a protean disorder of hematopoiesis, lymphatics, and immunity | journal = Blood | volume = 123 | issue = 6 | pages = 809–21 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24227816 | pmc = 3916876 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2013-07-515528 | url = }}</ref>
 
One ''GATA2'' mutation is a [[mutation#By effect on function|gain of function type]], i.e. it is associated with an increase in the activity rather than levels of GATA2. This mutation substitutes valine for leucine in the 359 ammino acid position (i.e. within the N-ZnF site) of the transcription factor and has been detected in individuals undergoing the [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia#Blast crisis|blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia]].<ref name="pmid25619630"/><ref name="pmid18250304">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang SJ, Ma LY, Huang QH, Li G, Gu BW, Gao XD, Shi JY, Wang YY, Gao L, Cai X, Ren RB, Zhu J, Chen Z, Chen SJ | title = Gain-of-function mutation of GATA-2 in acute myeloid transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 105 | issue = 6 | pages = 2076–81 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18250304 | pmc = 2538883 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0711824105 }}</ref>
 
=== Pathological inhibition ===
Analyses of individuals with AML have discovered many cases of GATA2 deficiency in which one parental ''GATA2'' gene was not mutated but [[Gene silencing|silenced]] by [[DNA methylation#Repression of CpG-dense promoters|hypermethylation]] of its [[Promoter (genetics)|gene promotor]]. Further studies are required to integrate this hypermethylation-induced form of GATA2 deficiency into the diagnostic category of GATA2 deficiency.<ref name="pmid25397911">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hsu AP, McReynolds LJ, Holland SM | title = GATA2 deficiency | journal = Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 104–9 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25397911 | pmc = 4342850 | doi = 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000126 | url = }}</ref>
 
=== Pathological stimulation ===
Non-mutational stimulation of ''GATA2'' expression and consequential aggressiveness in EVI1-positive AML appears due to the ability of [[EVI1]], a transcription factor, to directly stimulate the expression of the ''GATA2'' gene.<ref name="pmid27872477"/><ref name="pmid28264478"/> The reason for the overexpression of GATA2 that begins in the early stages of prostate cancer is unclear but may involve the ability of [[FOXA1]] to act indirect to stimulate the expression of the ''GATA2'' gene.<ref name="pmid28264478"/>
 
== GATA2 ==
The full length GATA2 transcription factor is a moderately sized protein consisting of 480 amino acids. Of its two zinc fingers, C-ZnF (located toward the protein's [[C-terminus]]) is responsible for binding to specific [[DNA]] sites while its N-ZnF (located toward the proteins [[N-terminus]]) is responsible for interacting with various other [[Cell nucleus#Cell compartmentalization|nuclear proteins]] that regulate its activity. The transcription factor also contains two [[transactivation domain]]s and one negative regulatory domain which [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with other nuclear proteins to up-regulate and down-regulate, respectively, its activity.<ref name="pmid28637621"/><ref name="pmid28566565">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fujiwara T | title = GATA Transcription Factors: Basic Principles and Related Human Disorders | journal = The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 242 | issue = 2 | pages = 83–91 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28566565 | doi = 10.1620/tjem.242.83 | url = }}</ref> In promoting embryonic and/or adult-type [[haematopoiesis]] (i.e. maturation of hematological and immunological cells), GATA2 interacts with other [[transcription factors]] (viz., [[RUNX1]], [[TAL1|SCL/TAL1]], [[GFI1]], [[Cripto|GFI1b]], [[MYB (gene)|MYB]], [[IKZF1]], [[SPI1|Transcription factor PU.1]], [[LYL1]]) and cellular receptors (viz., [[MPL (gene)|MPL]], [[GPR56]]).<ref name="pmid28179282"/> In a wide range of tissues, GATA2 similarly interacts with [[HDAC3]],<ref name = pmid11567998>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ozawa Y, Towatari M, Tsuzuki S, Hayakawa F, Maeda T, Miyata Y, Tanimoto M, Saito H | title = Histone deacetylase 3 associates with and represses the transcription factor GATA-2 | journal = Blood | volume = 98 | issue = 7 | pages = 2116–23 | date = October 2001 | pmid = 11567998 | doi =  10.1182/blood.v98.7.2116}}</ref> [[LMO2]],<ref name = pmid7568177>{{cite journal | vauthors = Osada H, Grutz G, Axelson H, Forster A, Rabbitts TH | title = Association of erythroid transcription factors: complexes involving the LIM protein RBTN2 and the zinc-finger protein GATA1 | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 92 | issue = 21 | pages = 9585–9 | date = October 1995 | pmid = 7568177 | pmc = 40846 | doi =  10.1073/pnas.92.21.9585}}</ref> [[Pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1|POU1F1]],<ref name = pmid10367888>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dasen JS, O'Connell SM, Flynn SE, Treier M, Gleiberman AS, Szeto DP, Hooshmand F, Aggarwal AK, Rosenfeld MG | title = Reciprocal interactions of Pit1 and GATA2 mediate signaling gradient-induced determination of pituitary cell types | journal = Cell | volume = 97 | issue = 5 | pages = 587–98 | date = May 1999 | pmid = 10367888 | doi =  10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80770-9}}</ref> [[OCT4|POU5F1]],<ref name = pmid28953884>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fogarty NM, McCarthy A, Snijders KE, Powell BE, Kubikova N, Blakeley P, Lea R, Elder K, Wamaitha SE, Kim D, Maciulyte V, Kleinjung J, Kim JS, Wells D, Vallier L, Bertero A, Turner JM, Niakan KK | title = Genome editing reveals a role for OCT4 in human embryogenesis | journal = Nature | issue = 550 | pages = 67–73 | date = Oct 2017 | pmid = 28953884 | doi =  10.1038/nature24033}}</ref> [[Promyelocytic leukemia protein|PML]]<ref name = pmid10938104>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsuzuki S, Towatari M, Saito H, Enver T | title = Potentiation of GATA-2 activity through interactions with the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and the t(15;17)-generated PML-retinoic acid receptor alpha oncoprotein | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 20 | issue = 17 | pages = 6276–86 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 10938104 | pmc = 86102 | doi =  10.1128/mcb.20.17.6276-6286.2000}}</ref> [[SPI1]],<ref name = pmid10411939>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang P, Behre G, Pan J, Iwama A, Wara-Aswapati N, Radomska HS, Auron PE, Tenen DG, Sun Z | title = Negative cross-talk between hematopoietic regulators: GATA proteins repress PU.1 | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 96 | issue = 15 | pages = 8705–10 | date = July 1999 | pmid = 10411939 | pmc = 17580 | doi =  10.1073/pnas.96.15.8705}}</ref> and [[Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16|ZBTB16]].<ref name = pmid11964310>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsuzuki S, Enver T | title = Interactions of GATA-2 with the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) protein, its homologue FAZF, and the t(11;17)-generated PLZF-retinoic acid receptor alpha oncoprotein | journal = Blood | volume = 99 | issue = 9 | pages = 3404–10 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11964310 | doi =  10.1182/blood.v99.9.3404}}</ref>
 
GATA2 binds to a specific [[nucleic acid sequence]]  viz., (T/A(GATA)A/G), on the [[Promoter (genetics)|promoter]] and [[Enhancer (genetics)|enhancer]] sites of its target genes and in doing so either stimulates or suppresses the expression of these target genes. However, there are thousands of sites in human DNA with this nucleotide sequence but for unknown reasons GATA2 binds to <1% of these. Furthermore, all members of the GATA transcription factor family bind to this same nucleotide sequence and in doing so may in certain instances serve to interfere with GATA2 binding or even displace the GATA2 that is already bound to these sites. For example, displacement of GATA2 bond to this sequence by the [[GATA1]] transcription factor appears important for the normal development of some types of hematological stem cells. This displacement phenomenon is termed the "GATA switch". In all events, the actions of GATA2, particularly with referenced to its interactions with many other gene-regulating factors, in controlling its target genes is extremely complex and not fully understood.<ref name="pmid28179280"/><ref name="pmid28637621"/><ref name="pmid28179282"/><ref name="pmid27235756"/>
 
== ''GATA2''-related disorders ==
=== Inactivating ''GATA2'' mutations ===
{{main|GATA2 deficiency}}
Familial and sporadic [[Mutation#By effect on function|inactivating mutation]]s in one of the two parental ''GATA2'' [[gene]]s causes a reduction, i.e. a [[haploinsufficiency]], in the cellular levels of the GATA2 transcription factor. In consequence, individuals commonly develop a disease termed [[GATA2 deficiency]]. GATA2 deficiency is a grouping of various clinical presentations in which GATA2 haploinsufficiency results in the development over time of hematological, immunological, lymphatic, and/or other presentations that may begin as apparently benign abnormalities but commonly progress to life-threatening [[opportunistic infection]]s, [[Oncovirus|virus infection-induced cancers]], the [[myelodysplastic syndrome]], and/or [[leukemia]]s, particularly AML.<ref name="pmid28179280"/><ref name="pmid28643018"/> The various presentations of GATA2 deficiency include all cases of [[MonoMAC|Monocytopenia and Mycobacterium Avium Complex/Dendritic Cell Monocyte, B and NK Lymphocyte deficiency]] (i.e. MonoMAC) and the [[Emberger syndrome]] as well as a significant percentage of cases of [[GATA2 deficiency#Familial MDS/AML|familial myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia]], [[GATA2 deficiency#Congenital neutropenia|congenital neutropenia]], [[chronic myelomonocytic leukemia#Cytogenetic abnormalities and genetic mutations|chronic myelomonocytic leukemia]], [[aplastic anemia]], and several [[GATA2 deficiency#Other presentations|other presentations]].<ref name="pmid28179280"/><ref name="pmid28643018"/><ref name="pmid27248996">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bannon SA, DiNardo CD | title = Hereditary Predispositions to Myelodysplastic Syndrome | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | pages = 838| date = May 2016 | pmid = 27248996 | pmc = 4926372 | doi = 10.3390/ijms17060838 | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid24467820">{{cite journal | vauthors = West AH, Godley LA, Churpek JE | title = Familial myelodysplastic syndrome/acute leukemia syndromes: a review and utility for translational investigations | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 1310 | issue = | pages = 111–8 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24467820 | pmc = 3961519 | doi = 10.1111/nyas.12346 | url = }}</ref>
 
=== Activating ''GATA2'' mutation ===
The L359V gain of function mutation (see above section on mutation) increases the activity of the GATA2 transcription factor. The mutation occurs during the blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia and is proposed to play a role in the transformation of the chronic and/or accelerated phases of this disease to its blast crisis phase.<ref name="pmid25619630"/><ref name="pmid18250304"/>
 
=== Repression of ''GATA2'' ===
The repression of ''GATA2'' expression due to [[DNA methylation|methylation]] of [[DNA methylation#Repression of CpG-dense promoters|promotor sites]] in the GATA2 gene rather than a mutation in this gene has been suggested to be an alternate cause for the GATA2 deficiency syndrome.<ref name="pmid25397911"/> This [[Methylation#Epigenetic methylation|epigenetic gene silencing]] also occurs in certain types of [[non-small-cell lung carcinoma]] and is suggested to have a protective effect on progression of the disease.<ref name="pmid28566565"/><ref name="pmid24807155">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tessema M, Yingling CM, Snider AM, Do K, Juri DE, Picchi MA, Zhang X, Liu Y, Leng S, Tellez CS, Belinsky SA | title = GATA2 is epigenetically repressed in human and mouse lung tumors and is not requisite for survival of KRAS mutant lung cancer | journal = Journal of Thoracic Oncology : Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer | volume = 9 | issue = 6 | pages = 784–93 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24807155 | pmc = 4132640 | doi = 10.1097/JTO.0000000000000165 | url = }}</ref>
 
=== Overexpression of ''GATA2'' ===
Elevated levels of GATA2 transcription factor due to overexpression of its gene GATA2 is a common finding in AML. It is associated with a poor prognosis, appears to promote progression of the disease, and therefore proposed to be a target for therapeutic intervention. This overexpression is not due to mutation but rather caused at least in part by the overexpression of [[EVI1]], a transcription factor that stimulates GATA2 expression.<ref name="pmid21904383"/> ''GATA2'' overexpression also occurs in prostate cancer where it appears to increase [[metastasis]] in the early stages of androgen-dependent disease and 
to stimulate prostate cancer cell survival and proliferation through activating by an unknown mechanism the androgen pathway in [[Prostate cancer#Castration-resistant|androgen-independent]] (i.e. castration-resistant) disease).<ref name="pmid27872477"/><ref name="pmid28264478"/>
 
== See also ==
* [[GATA transcription factor]]
* [[GATA transcription factor]]
* [[GATA2 deficiency]]
* [[MonoMAC]]
* [[Emberger syndrome]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{Refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Minegishi N | title = [Transcription factors regulating hematopoiesis: researches spanning from molecule to whole body] | journal = Seikagaku | volume = 74 | issue = 5 | pages = 398–402 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12073612 | doi =  }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ohneda K, Yamamoto M | title = Roles of hematopoietic transcription factors GATA-1 and GATA-2 in the development of red blood cell lineage | journal = Acta Haematol. | volume = 108 | issue = 4 | pages = 237–45 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12432220 | doi = 10.1159/000065660 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Minegishi N |title=[Transcription factors regulating hematopoiesis: researches spanning from molecule to whole body] |journal=Seikagaku |volume=74 |issue= 5 |pages= 398-402 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12073612 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dorfman DM, Wilson DB, Bruns GA, Orkin SH | title = Human transcription factor GATA-2. Evidence for regulation of preproendothelin-1 gene expression in endothelial cells | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 267 | issue = 2 | pages = 1279–85 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1370462 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ohneda K, Yamamoto M |title=Roles of hematopoietic transcription factors GATA-1 and GATA-2 in the development of red blood cell lineage. |journal=Acta Haematol. |volume=108 |issue= 4 |pages= 237-45 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12432220 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Page RL, Wharton JM, Wilkinson WE, Friedman IM, Claypool WD, Karim A, Kowalski KG, McDonald SJ, Gardiner P, Pritchett EL | title = Bidisomide (SC-40230), a new antiarrhythmic agent: initial study of tolerability and pharmacokinetics | journal = Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. | volume = 51 | issue = 4 | pages = 371–8 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1563207 | doi = 10.1038/clpt.1992.36 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dorfman DM, Wilson DB, Bruns GA, Orkin SH |title=Human transcription factor GATA-2. Evidence for regulation of preproendothelin-1 gene expression in endothelial cells. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=267 |issue= 2 |pages= 1279-85 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1370462 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lee ME, Temizer DH, Clifford JA, Quertermous T | title = Cloning of the GATA-binding protein that regulates endothelin-1 gene expression in endothelial cells | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 266 | issue = 24 | pages = 16188–92 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1714909 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Page RL, Wharton JM, Wilkinson WE, ''et al.'' |title=Bidisomide (SC-40230), a new antiarrhythmic agent: initial study of tolerability and pharmacokinetics. |journal=Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=51 |issue= 4 |pages= 371-8 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1563207 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang R, Min W, Sessa WC | title = Functional analysis of the human endothelial nitric oxide synthase promoter. Sp1 and GATA factors are necessary for basal transcription in endothelial cells | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 270 | issue = 25 | pages = 15320–6 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7541039 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.25.15320 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lee ME, Temizer DH, Clifford JA, Quertermous T |title=Cloning of the GATA-binding protein that regulates endothelin-1 gene expression in endothelial cells. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=266 |issue= 24 |pages= 16188-92 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1714909 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Osada H, Grutz G, Axelson H, Forster A, Rabbitts TH | title = Association of erythroid transcription factors: complexes involving the LIM protein RBTN2 and the zinc-finger protein GATA1 | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 92 | issue = 21 | pages = 9585–9 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7568177 | pmc = 40846 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.92.21.9585 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zhang R, Min W, Sessa WC |title=Functional analysis of the human endothelial nitric oxide synthase promoter. Sp1 and GATA factors are necessary for basal transcription in endothelial cells. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=270 |issue= 25 |pages= 15320-6 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7541039 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Towatari M, May GE, Marais R, Perkins GR, Marshall CJ, Cowley S, Enver T | title = Regulation of GATA-2 phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase and interleukin-3 | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 270 | issue = 8 | pages = 4101–7 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7876160 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.8.4101 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Osada H, Grutz G, Axelson H, ''et al.'' |title=Association of erythroid transcription factors: complexes involving the LIM protein RBTN2 and the zinc-finger protein GATA1. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=92 |issue= 21 |pages= 9585-9 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7568177 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tsai FY, Keller G, Kuo FC, Weiss M, Chen J, Rosenblatt M, Alt FW, Orkin SH | title = An early haematopoietic defect in mice lacking the transcription factor GATA-2 | journal = Nature | volume = 371 | issue = 6494 | pages = 221–6 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8078582 | doi = 10.1038/371221a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Towatari M, May GE, Marais R, ''et al.'' |title=Regulation of GATA-2 phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase and interleukin-3. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=270 |issue= 8 |pages= 4101-7 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7876160 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Briegel K, Lim KC, Plank C, Beug H, Engel JD, Zenke M | title = Ectopic expression of a conditional GATA-2/estrogen receptor chimera arrests erythroid differentiation in a hormone-dependent manner | journal = Genes Dev. | volume = 7 | issue = 6 | pages = 1097–109 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8504932 | doi = 10.1101/gad.7.6.1097 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tsai FY, Keller G, Kuo FC, ''et al.'' |title=An early haematopoietic defect in mice lacking the transcription factor GATA-2. |journal=Nature |volume=371 |issue= 6494 |pages= 221-6 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8078582 |doi= 10.1038/371221a0 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Towatari M, Kanei Y, Saito H, Hamaguchi M | title = Hematopoietic transcription factor GATA-2 activates transcription from HIV-1 long terminal repeat | journal = AIDS | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 253–9 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9517987 | doi = 10.1097/00002030-199803000-00002 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Briegel K, Lim KC, Plank C, ''et al.'' |title=Ectopic expression of a conditional GATA-2/estrogen receptor chimera arrests erythroid differentiation in a hormone-dependent manner. |journal=Genes Dev. |volume=7 |issue= 6 |pages= 1097-109 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8504932 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dasen JS, O'Connell SM, Flynn SE, Treier M, Gleiberman AS, Szeto DP, Hooshmand F, Aggarwal AK, Rosenfeld MG | title = Reciprocal interactions of Pit1 and GATA2 mediate signaling gradient-induced determination of pituitary cell types | journal = Cell | volume = 97 | issue = 5 | pages = 587–98 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10367888 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80770-9 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Towatari M, Kanei Y, Saito H, Hamaguchi M |title=Hematopoietic transcription factor GATA-2 activates transcription from HIV-1 long terminal repeat. |journal=AIDS |volume=12 |issue= 3 |pages= 253-9 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9517987 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang P, Behre G, Pan J, Iwama A, Wara-Aswapati N, Radomska HS, Auron PE, Tenen DG, Sun Z | title = Negative cross-talk between hematopoietic regulators: GATA proteins repress PU.1 | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 96 | issue = 15 | pages = 8705–10 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10411939 | pmc = 17580 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.15.8705 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dasen JS, O'Connell SM, Flynn SE, ''et al.'' |title=Reciprocal interactions of Pit1 and GATA2 mediate signaling gradient-induced determination of pituitary cell types. |journal=Cell |volume=97 |issue= 5 |pages= 587-98 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10367888 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wieser R, Volz A, Vinatzer U, Gardiner K, Jäger U, Mitterbauer M, Ziegler A, Fonatsch C | title = Transcription factor GATA-2 gene is located near 3q21 breakpoints in myeloid leukemia | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 273 | issue = 1 | pages = 239–45 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10873593 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2947 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zhang P, Behre G, Pan J, ''et al.'' |title=Negative cross-talk between hematopoietic regulators: GATA proteins repress PU.1. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=96 |issue= 15 |pages= 8705-10 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10411939 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tsuzuki S, Towatari M, Saito H, Enver T | title = Potentiation of GATA-2 Activity through Interactions with the Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein (PML) and the t(15;17)-Generated PML-Retinoic Acid Receptor α Oncoprotein | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 20 | issue = 17 | pages = 6276–86 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10938104 | pmc = 86102 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.20.17.6276-6286.2000 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wieser R, Volz A, Vinatzer U, ''et al.'' |title=Transcription factor GATA-2 gene is located near 3q21 breakpoints in myeloid leukemia. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=273 |issue= 1 |pages= 239-45 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10873593 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2947 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yamashita K, Discher DJ, Hu J, Bishopric NH, Webster KA | title = Molecular regulation of the endothelin-1 gene by hypoxia. Contributions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1, activator protein-1, GATA-2, AND p300/CBP | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 276 | issue = 16 | pages = 12645–53 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11278891 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M011344200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tsuzuki S, Towatari M, Saito H, Enver T |title=Potentiation of GATA-2 activity through interactions with the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and the t(15;17)-generated PML-retinoic acid receptor alpha oncoprotein. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=20 |issue= 17 |pages= 6276-86 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10938104 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ozawa Y, Towatari M, Tsuzuki S, Hayakawa F, Maeda T, Miyata Y, Tanimoto M, Saito H | title = Histone deacetylase 3 associates with and represses the transcription factor GATA-2 | journal = Blood | volume = 98 | issue = 7 | pages = 2116–23 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11567998 | doi = 10.1182/blood.V98.7.2116 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Yamashita K, Discher DJ, Hu J, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular regulation of the endothelin-1 gene by hypoxia. Contributions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1, activator protein-1, GATA-2, AND p300/CBP. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 16 |pages= 12645-53 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11278891 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M011344200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang SB, He QY, Zhao H, Gui CY, Jiang C, Qian RL | title = Function of GATA transcription factors in hydroxyurea-induced HEL cells | journal = Cell Res. | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 301–10 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11787775 | doi = 10.1038/sj.cr.7290100 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ozawa Y, Towatari M, Tsuzuki S, ''et al.'' |title=Histone deacetylase 3 associates with and represses the transcription factor GATA-2. |journal=Blood |volume=98 |issue= 7 |pages= 2116-23 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11567998 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tsuzuki S, Enver T | title = Interactions of GATA-2 with the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) protein, its homologue FAZF, and the t(11;17)-generated PLZF-retinoic acid receptor alpha oncoprotein | journal = Blood | volume = 99 | issue = 9 | pages = 3404–10 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11964310 | doi = 10.1182/blood.V99.9.3404 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zhang SB, He QY, Zhao H, ''et al.'' |title=Function of GATA transcription factors in hydroxyurea-induced HEL cells. |journal=Cell Res. |volume=11 |issue= 4 |pages= 301-10 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11787775 |doi= 10.1038/sj.cr.7290100 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hirasawa R, Shimizu R, Takahashi S, Osawa M, Takayanagi S, Kato Y, Onodera M, Minegishi N, Yamamoto M, Fukao K, Taniguchi H, Nakauchi H, Iwama A | title = Essential and Instructive Roles of GATA Factors in Eosinophil Development | journal = J. Exp. Med. | volume = 195 | issue = 11 | pages = 1379–86 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12045236 | pmc = 2193540 | doi = 10.1084/jem.20020170 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tsuzuki S, Enver T |title=Interactions of GATA-2 with the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) protein, its homologue FAZF, and the t(11;17)-generated PLZF-retinoic acid receptor alpha oncoprotein. |journal=Blood |volume=99 |issue= 9 |pages= 3404-10 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11964310 |doi= }}
{{Refend}}
*{{cite journal | author=Hirasawa R, Shimizu R, Takahashi S, ''et al.'' |title=Essential and instructive roles of GATA factors in eosinophil development. |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=195 |issue= 11 |pages= 1379-86 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12045236 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{MeshName|GATA2+protein,+human}}
* {{MeshName|GATA2+protein,+human}}
* {{FactorBook|GATA2}}


{{PDB Gallery|geneid=2624}}
{{Transcription factors|g2}}
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GATA2 or GATA-binding factor 2 is a transcription factor, i.e. a nuclear protein which regulates the expression of genes.[1] It regulates a large number of genes that are critical for the embryonic development, self-renewal, maintenance, and functionality of blood-forming, lympathic system-forming, and other tissue-forming stem cells. GATA2 is encoded by the GATA2 gene, a gene which often suffers germline and somatic mutations which lead to a wide range of familial and sporadic diseases, respectively. The gene and its product are targets for the treatment of these diseases.[2][3]

Inactivating mutations of the GATA2 gene cause a reduction in the cellular levels of GATA2 and the development of a wide range of familial hematological, immunological, lymphatic, and/or other disorders that are grouped together into a common disease termed GATA2 deficiency. Less commonly, these disorders are associated with non-familial (i.e. sporadic or acquired) GATA inactivating mutations. GATA2 deficiency often begins with seemingly benign abnormalities but if untreated progresses to life-threatening opportunistic infections, virus-induced cancers, lung failure, the myelodysplastic syndrome (i.e. MDS), and/or acute myeloid leukemia, principally acute myeloid leukemia (AML), less commonly chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), and rarely a lymphoid leukemia.[2][3]

Overexpression of the GATA2 transcription factor that is not due to mutations in the GATA2 gene appears to be a secondary factor that promotes the aggressiveness of non-familial EVI1 positive AML as well as the progression of prostate cancer.[4][5][6][7]

GATA2 gene

The GATA2 gene is a member of the evolutionarily conserved GATA transcription factor gene family. All vertebrate species tested so far, including humans and mice, express 6 GATA genes, GATA1 through GATA6.[8] The human GATA2 gene is located on the long (or "q") arm of chromosome 3 at position 21.3 (i.e. the 3q21.3 locus) and consists of 8 exons.[9] Two sites, termed C-ZnF and N-ZnF, of the gene code for two Zinc finger structural motifs of the GATA2 transcription factor. These sites are critical for regulating the ability of the transcription factor to stimulate its target genes.[10][11]

The GATA2 gene has at least five separate sites which bind nuclear factors that regulate its expression. One particularly important such site is located in intron 4. This site, termed the 9.5 kb enhancer, is located 9.5 kilobases (i.e. kb) down-stream from the gene's transcript initiation site and is a critically important enhancer of the gene's expression.[10] Regulation of GATA2 expression is highly complex. For example, in hematological stem cells, GATA2 transcription factor itself binds to one of these sites and in doing so is part of functionally important positive feedback autoregulation circuit wherein the transcription factor acts to promote its own production; in a second example of a positive feed back circuit, GATA2 stimulates production of Interleukin 1 beta and CXCL2 which act indirectly to simulate GATA2 expression. In an example of a negative feedback circuit, the GATA2 transcription factor indirectly causes activation of the G protein coupled receptor, GPR65, which then acts, also indirectly, to repress GATA2 gene expression.[10][11] In a second example of negative feed-back, GATA2 transcription factor stimulates the expression of the GATA1 transcription factor which in turn can displace GATA2 transcription factor from its gene-stimulating binding sites thereby limiting GATA2's actions.[12]

The human GATA2 gene is expressed in hematological bone marrow cells at the stem cell and later progenitor cell stages of their development. Increases and/or decreases in the gene's expression regulate the self-renewal, survival, and progression of these immature cells toward their final mature forms viz., erythrocytess, certain types of lymphocytes (i.e. B cells, NK cells, and T helper cells), monocytes, neutrophils, platelets, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, macrophages and mast cells.[10][13][14] The gene is likewise critical for the formation of the lymphatic system, particularly for the development of its valves. The human gene is also expressed in endothelium, some non-hematological stem cells, the central nervous system, and, to lesser extents, prostate, endometrium, and certain cancerous tissues.[2][8][10]

The Gata2 gene in mice has a structure similar to its human counterpart, Deletion of both parental Gata2 genes in mice is lethal by day 10 of embryogenesis due to a total failure in the formation of mature blood cells. Inactivation of one mouse Gata2 gene is neither lethal nor associated with most of the signs of human GATA2 deficiency; however, these animals do show a ~50% reduction in their hematopoietic stem cells along with a reduced ability to repopulate the bone marrow of mouse recipients. The latter findings, human clinical studies, and experiments on human tissues support the conclusion that in humans both parental GATA2 genes are required for sufficient numbers of hematopoietic stem cells to emerge from the hemogenic endothelium during embryogenesis and for these cells and subsequent progenitor cells to survive, self-renew, and differentiate into mature cells.[10][13][15] As GATA2 deficient individuals age, their deficiency in hematopoietic stem cells worsens, probably as a result of factors such as infections or other stresses. In consequence, the signs and symptoms of their disease appear and/or become progressively more severe.[5] The role of GATA2 deficiency in leading to any of the leukemia types is not understood. Likewise, the role of GATA2 overexpression in non-familial AML as well as development of the blast crisis in chronic myelogenous leukemia and progression of prostate cancer is not understood.[5][11]

Mutations

Scores of different types of inactivating GATA mutations have been associated with GATA2 deficiency; these include frameshift, point, insertion, splice site and deletion mutations scattered throughout the gene but concentrated in the region encoding the GATA2 transcription factor's C-ZnF, N-ZnF, and 9.5 kb sites. Rare cases of GATA2 deficiency involve large mutational deletions that include the 3q21.3 locus plus contiguous adjacent genes; these mutations seem more likely than other types of GATA mutations to cause increased susceptibilities to viral infections, developmental lymphatic disorders, and neurological disturbances.[2][13]

One GATA2 mutation is a gain of function type, i.e. it is associated with an increase in the activity rather than levels of GATA2. This mutation substitutes valine for leucine in the 359 ammino acid position (i.e. within the N-ZnF site) of the transcription factor and has been detected in individuals undergoing the blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia.[5][16]

Pathological inhibition

Analyses of individuals with AML have discovered many cases of GATA2 deficiency in which one parental GATA2 gene was not mutated but silenced by hypermethylation of its gene promotor. Further studies are required to integrate this hypermethylation-induced form of GATA2 deficiency into the diagnostic category of GATA2 deficiency.[15]

Pathological stimulation

Non-mutational stimulation of GATA2 expression and consequential aggressiveness in EVI1-positive AML appears due to the ability of EVI1, a transcription factor, to directly stimulate the expression of the GATA2 gene.[6][7] The reason for the overexpression of GATA2 that begins in the early stages of prostate cancer is unclear but may involve the ability of FOXA1 to act indirect to stimulate the expression of the GATA2 gene.[7]

GATA2

The full length GATA2 transcription factor is a moderately sized protein consisting of 480 amino acids. Of its two zinc fingers, C-ZnF (located toward the protein's C-terminus) is responsible for binding to specific DNA sites while its N-ZnF (located toward the proteins N-terminus) is responsible for interacting with various other nuclear proteins that regulate its activity. The transcription factor also contains two transactivation domains and one negative regulatory domain which interact with other nuclear proteins to up-regulate and down-regulate, respectively, its activity.[10][17] In promoting embryonic and/or adult-type haematopoiesis (i.e. maturation of hematological and immunological cells), GATA2 interacts with other transcription factors (viz., RUNX1, SCL/TAL1, GFI1, GFI1b, MYB, IKZF1, Transcription factor PU.1, LYL1) and cellular receptors (viz., MPL, GPR56).[11] In a wide range of tissues, GATA2 similarly interacts with HDAC3,[18] LMO2,[19] POU1F1,[20] POU5F1,[21] PML[22] SPI1,[23] and ZBTB16.[24]

GATA2 binds to a specific nucleic acid sequence viz., (T/A(GATA)A/G), on the promoter and enhancer sites of its target genes and in doing so either stimulates or suppresses the expression of these target genes. However, there are thousands of sites in human DNA with this nucleotide sequence but for unknown reasons GATA2 binds to <1% of these. Furthermore, all members of the GATA transcription factor family bind to this same nucleotide sequence and in doing so may in certain instances serve to interfere with GATA2 binding or even displace the GATA2 that is already bound to these sites. For example, displacement of GATA2 bond to this sequence by the GATA1 transcription factor appears important for the normal development of some types of hematological stem cells. This displacement phenomenon is termed the "GATA switch". In all events, the actions of GATA2, particularly with referenced to its interactions with many other gene-regulating factors, in controlling its target genes is extremely complex and not fully understood.[2][10][11][12]

GATA2-related disorders

Inactivating GATA2 mutations

Main article: GATA2 deficiency

Familial and sporadic inactivating mutations in one of the two parental GATA2 genes causes a reduction, i.e. a haploinsufficiency, in the cellular levels of the GATA2 transcription factor. In consequence, individuals commonly develop a disease termed GATA2 deficiency. GATA2 deficiency is a grouping of various clinical presentations in which GATA2 haploinsufficiency results in the development over time of hematological, immunological, lymphatic, and/or other presentations that may begin as apparently benign abnormalities but commonly progress to life-threatening opportunistic infections, virus infection-induced cancers, the myelodysplastic syndrome, and/or leukemias, particularly AML.[2][3] The various presentations of GATA2 deficiency include all cases of Monocytopenia and Mycobacterium Avium Complex/Dendritic Cell Monocyte, B and NK Lymphocyte deficiency (i.e. MonoMAC) and the Emberger syndrome as well as a significant percentage of cases of familial myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia, congenital neutropenia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, aplastic anemia, and several other presentations.[2][3][25][26]

Activating GATA2 mutation

The L359V gain of function mutation (see above section on mutation) increases the activity of the GATA2 transcription factor. The mutation occurs during the blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia and is proposed to play a role in the transformation of the chronic and/or accelerated phases of this disease to its blast crisis phase.[5][16]

Repression of GATA2

The repression of GATA2 expression due to methylation of promotor sites in the GATA2 gene rather than a mutation in this gene has been suggested to be an alternate cause for the GATA2 deficiency syndrome.[15] This epigenetic gene silencing also occurs in certain types of non-small-cell lung carcinoma and is suggested to have a protective effect on progression of the disease.[17][27]

Overexpression of GATA2

Elevated levels of GATA2 transcription factor due to overexpression of its gene GATA2 is a common finding in AML. It is associated with a poor prognosis, appears to promote progression of the disease, and therefore proposed to be a target for therapeutic intervention. This overexpression is not due to mutation but rather caused at least in part by the overexpression of EVI1, a transcription factor that stimulates GATA2 expression.[4] GATA2 overexpression also occurs in prostate cancer where it appears to increase metastasis in the early stages of androgen-dependent disease and to stimulate prostate cancer cell survival and proliferation through activating by an unknown mechanism the androgen pathway in androgen-independent (i.e. castration-resistant) disease).[6][7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lee ME, Temizer DH, Clifford JA, Quertermous T (25 August 1991). "Cloning of the GATA-binding protein that regulates endothelin-1 gene expression in endothelial cells". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (24): 16188–92. PMID 1714909.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Crispino JD, Horwitz MS (April 2017). "GATA factor mutations in hematologic disease". Blood. 129 (15): 2103–2110. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-09-687889. PMC 5391620. PMID 28179280.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Hirabayashi S, Wlodarski MW, Kozyra E, Niemeyer CM (August 2017). "Heterogeneity of GATA2-related myeloid neoplasms". International Journal of Hematology. 106 (2): 175–182. doi:10.1007/s12185-017-2285-2. PMID 28643018.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Vicente C, Vazquez I, Conchillo A, García-Sánchez MA, Marcotegui N, Fuster O, González M, Calasanz MJ, Lahortiga I, Odero MD (March 2012). "Overexpression of GATA2 predicts an adverse prognosis for patients with acute myeloid leukemia and it is associated with distinct molecular abnormalities". Leukemia. 26 (3): 550–4. doi:10.1038/leu.2011.235. PMID 21904383.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Mir MA, Kochuparambil ST, Abraham RS, Rodriguez V, Howard M, Hsu AP, Jackson AE, Holland SM, Patnaik MM (April 2015). "Spectrum of myeloid neoplasms and immune deficiency associated with germline GATA2 mutations". Cancer Medicine. 4 (4): 490–9. doi:10.1002/cam4.384. PMC 4402062. PMID 25619630.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Rodriguez-Bravo V, Carceles-Cordon M, Hoshida Y, Cordon-Cardo C, Galsky MD, Domingo-Domenech J (January 2017). "The role of GATA2 in lethal prostate cancer aggressiveness". Nature Reviews. Urology. 14 (1): 38–48. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2016.225. PMC 5489122. PMID 27872477.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Obinata D, Takayama K, Takahashi S, Inoue S (February 2017). "Crosstalk of the Androgen Receptor with Transcriptional Collaborators: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer". Cancers. 9 (3). doi:10.3390/cancers9030022. PMC 5366817. PMID 28264478.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Chlon TM, Crispino JD (November 2012). "Combinatorial regulation of tissue specification by GATA and FOG factors". Development. 139 (21): 3905–16. doi:10.1242/dev.080440. PMC 3472596. PMID 23048181.
  9. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2624
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Wlodarski MW, Collin M, Horwitz MS (April 2017). "GATA2 deficiency and related myeloid neoplasms". Seminars in Hematology. 54 (2): 81–86. doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2017.05.002. PMC 5650112. PMID 28637621.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Katsumura KR, Bresnick EH (April 2017). "The GATA factor revolution in hematology". Blood. 129 (15): 2092–2102. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-09-687871. PMC 5391619. PMID 28179282.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Shimizu R, Yamamoto M (August 2016). "GATA-related hematologic disorders". Experimental Hematology. 44 (8): 696–705. doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2016.05.010. PMID 27235756.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Spinner MA, Sanchez LA, Hsu AP, Shaw PA, Zerbe CS, Calvo KR, Arthur DC, Gu W, Gould CM, Brewer CC, Cowen EW, Freeman AF, Olivier KN, Uzel G, Zelazny AM, Daub JR, Spalding CD, Claypool RJ, Giri NK, Alter BP, Mace EM, Orange JS, Cuellar-Rodriguez J, Hickstein DD, Holland SM (February 2014). "GATA2 deficiency: a protean disorder of hematopoiesis, lymphatics, and immunity". Blood. 123 (6): 809–21. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-07-515528. PMC 3916876. PMID 24227816.
  14. ↑ Bigley V, Cytlak U, Collin M (February 2018). "Human dendritic cell immunodeficiencies". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.020. PMID 29452225.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Hsu AP, McReynolds LJ, Holland SM (February 2015). "GATA2 deficiency". Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 15 (1): 104–9. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000126. PMC 4342850. PMID 25397911.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Zhang SJ, Ma LY, Huang QH, Li G, Gu BW, Gao XD, Shi JY, Wang YY, Gao L, Cai X, Ren RB, Zhu J, Chen Z, Chen SJ (February 2008). "Gain-of-function mutation of GATA-2 in acute myeloid transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (6): 2076–81. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711824105. PMC 2538883. PMID 18250304.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Fujiwara T (June 2017). "GATA Transcription Factors: Basic Principles and Related Human Disorders". The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 242 (2): 83–91. doi:10.1620/tjem.242.83. PMID 28566565.
  18. ↑ Ozawa Y, Towatari M, Tsuzuki S, Hayakawa F, Maeda T, Miyata Y, Tanimoto M, Saito H (October 2001). "Histone deacetylase 3 associates with and represses the transcription factor GATA-2". Blood. 98 (7): 2116–23. doi:10.1182/blood.v98.7.2116. PMID 11567998.
  19. ↑ Osada H, Grutz G, Axelson H, Forster A, Rabbitts TH (October 1995). "Association of erythroid transcription factors: complexes involving the LIM protein RBTN2 and the zinc-finger protein GATA1". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (21): 9585–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.21.9585. PMC 40846. PMID 7568177.
  20. ↑ Dasen JS, O'Connell SM, Flynn SE, Treier M, Gleiberman AS, Szeto DP, Hooshmand F, Aggarwal AK, Rosenfeld MG (May 1999). "Reciprocal interactions of Pit1 and GATA2 mediate signaling gradient-induced determination of pituitary cell types". Cell. 97 (5): 587–98. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80770-9. PMID 10367888.
  21. ↑ Fogarty NM, McCarthy A, Snijders KE, Powell BE, Kubikova N, Blakeley P, Lea R, Elder K, Wamaitha SE, Kim D, Maciulyte V, Kleinjung J, Kim JS, Wells D, Vallier L, Bertero A, Turner JM, Niakan KK (Oct 2017). "Genome editing reveals a role for OCT4 in human embryogenesis". Nature (550): 67–73. doi:10.1038/nature24033. PMID 28953884.
  22. ↑ Tsuzuki S, Towatari M, Saito H, Enver T (September 2000). "Potentiation of GATA-2 activity through interactions with the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and the t(15;17)-generated PML-retinoic acid receptor alpha oncoprotein". Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 (17): 6276–86. doi:10.1128/mcb.20.17.6276-6286.2000. PMC 86102. PMID 10938104.
  23. ↑ Zhang P, Behre G, Pan J, Iwama A, Wara-Aswapati N, Radomska HS, Auron PE, Tenen DG, Sun Z (July 1999). "Negative cross-talk between hematopoietic regulators: GATA proteins repress PU.1". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (15): 8705–10. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.15.8705. PMC 17580. PMID 10411939.
  24. ↑ Tsuzuki S, Enver T (May 2002). "Interactions of GATA-2 with the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) protein, its homologue FAZF, and the t(11;17)-generated PLZF-retinoic acid receptor alpha oncoprotein". Blood. 99 (9): 3404–10. doi:10.1182/blood.v99.9.3404. PMID 11964310.
  25. ↑ Bannon SA, DiNardo CD (May 2016). "Hereditary Predispositions to Myelodysplastic Syndrome". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 17 (6): 838. doi:10.3390/ijms17060838. PMC 4926372. PMID 27248996.
  26. ↑ West AH, Godley LA, Churpek JE (March 2014). "Familial myelodysplastic syndrome/acute leukemia syndromes: a review and utility for translational investigations". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1310: 111–8. doi:10.1111/nyas.12346. PMC 3961519. PMID 24467820.
  27. ↑ Tessema M, Yingling CM, Snider AM, Do K, Juri DE, Picchi MA, Zhang X, Liu Y, Leng S, Tellez CS, Belinsky SA (June 2014). "GATA2 is epigenetically repressed in human and mouse lung tumors and is not requisite for survival of KRAS mutant lung cancer". Journal of Thoracic Oncology : Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. 9 (6): 784–93. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000165. PMC 4132640. PMID 24807155.

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