WD-40 repeat family: Difference between revisions

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{{AE}} Henry A. Hoff
{{AE}} Henry A. Hoff
{{Pfam_box
| Symbol = WD40
| Name = WD domain, G-beta repeat
| image = 1erj 7bladed beta propeller.png
| width =
| caption = Ribbon diagram of the C-terminal WD40 domain of Tup1 (a transcriptional [[corepressor (genetics)|corepressor]] in yeast), which adopts a 7-bladed [[beta-propeller]] fold.  Ribbon is colored from blue ([[N-terminus]]) to red ([[C-terminus]]).<ref name="pmid10856245">{{PDB|1erj}}; {{cite journal | vauthors = Sprague ER, Redd MJ, Johnson AD, Wolberger C | title = Structure of the C-terminal domain of Tup1, a corepressor of transcription in yeast | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 19 | issue = 12 | pages = 3016–27 |date=June 2000 | pmid = 10856245 | pmc = 203344 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/19.12.3016 }}</ref>
| Pfam = PF00400
| Pfam_clan = CL0186
| InterPro = IPR001680
| SMART =
| PROSITE = PDOC00574
| SCOP = 1gp2
| TCDB =
| CDD = cd00200
| OPM family =
| OPM protein =
| PDB = {{PDB2|1b9x}}, {{PDB2|1b9y}}, {{PDB2|1erj}}, {{PDB2|1gg2}}, {{PDB2|1got}}, {{PDB2|1gp2}}, {{PDB2|1gxr}}, {{PDB2|1nex}}, {{PDB2|1nr0}}, {{PDB2|1omw}}, {{PDB2|1p22}}, {{PDB2|1pev}}, {{PDB2|1pgu}}, {{PDB2|1pi6}}, {{PDB2|1s4u}}, {{PDB2|1sq9}}, {{PDB2|1tbg}}, {{PDB2|1u4c}}, {{PDB2|1xhm}}, {{PDB2|1yfq}}, {{PDB2|2bcj}}, {{PDB2|2ce8}}, {{PDB2|2ce9}}, {{PDB2|2trc}}
}}


"Receptor for activated C kinase (RACK1) is a highly conserved, eukaryotic protein of the WD-40 repeat family. [...] During ''Phaseolus vulgaris'' root development, RACK1 (PvRACK1) mRNA expression was induced by auxins, abscissic acid, cytokinin, and gibberellic acid."<ref name=Flores>{{ cite journal
"Receptor for activated C kinase (RACK1) is a highly conserved, eukaryotic protein of the WD-40 repeat family. [...] During ''Phaseolus vulgaris'' root development, RACK1 (PvRACK1) mRNA expression was induced by auxins, abscissic acid, cytokinin, and gibberellic acid."<ref name=Flores>{{ cite journal
Line 15: Line 34:
|pmid=
|pmid=
|accessdate=25 April 2021 }}</ref>
|accessdate=25 April 2021 }}</ref>
The WD40 repeat (also known as the WD or beta-transducin repeat) is a short [[structural motif]] of approximately 40 [[amino acid]]s, often terminating in a [[tryptophan]]-[[aspartic acid]] (W-D) dipeptide.<ref name="pmid8090199">{{cite journal | author = Neer EJ, Schmidt CJ, Nambudripad R, Smith TF | title = The ancient regulatory-protein family of WD-repeat proteins | journal = Nature | volume = 371 | issue = 6495 | pages = 297–300 |date=September 1994 | pmid = 8090199 | doi = 10.1038/371297a0 | bibcode = 1994Natur.371..297N6 }}</ref>
==Structure==
WD40 domain-containing proteins have 4 to 16 repeating units, all of which are thought to form a circularised [[beta-propeller]] structure (see figure to the right).<ref name="pmid10322433">{{cite journal | author = Smith TF, Gaitatzes C, Saxena K, Neer EJ | title = The WD40 repeat: a common architecture for diverse functions | journal = Trends Biochem. Sci. | volume = 24 | issue = 5 | pages = 181–5 |date=May 1999 | pmid = 10322433 | doi = 10.1016/S0968-0004(99)01384-5}}</ref><ref name="pmid11814058">{{cite journal | author = Li D, Roberts R | title = WD-repeat proteins: structure characteristics, biological function, and their involvement in human diseases | journal = Cell. Mol. Life Sci. | volume = 58 | issue = 14 | pages = 2085–97 |date=December 2001 | pmid = 11814058 | doi = 10.1007/PL00000838 }}</ref>
==Function==
WD40-repeat proteins are a large family found in all [[eukaryote]]s and are implicated in a variety of functions ranging from [[signal transduction]] and [[transcriptional regulation|transcription regulation]] to [[cell cycle]] control, [[autophagy]] and [[apoptosis]].<ref name="pmid20451393">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stirnimann CU, Petsalaki E, Russell RB, Müller CW | title = WD40 proteins propel cellular networks. | journal = Trends Biochem. Sci. | volume = 35 | issue = 10 | pages = 565–74 |date=May 2010 | pmid = 20451393 | doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.04.003}}</ref> The underlying common function of all WD40-repeat proteins is coordinating multi-protein complex assemblies, where the repeating units serve as a rigid [[Scaffold protein|scaffold]] for protein interactions. The specificity of the proteins is determined by the sequences outside the repeats themselves. Examples of such complexes are [[G protein]]s (beta subunit is a beta-propeller), [[general transcription factor|TAFII]] transcription factor, and [[E3 ubiquitin ligase]].<ref name="pmid10322433"/><ref name="pmid11814058"/>
==Protein family==
According to the initial analysis of the human genome WD40 repeats are the eighth largest family of proteins. In all 277 proteins were identified to contain them.<ref name="pmid11237011">{{cite journal  |vauthors=Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, etal |title=Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome |journal=Nature |volume=409 |issue=6822 |pages=860–921 |date=February 2001 |pmid=11237011 |doi=10.1038/35057062 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62798/1/409860a0.pdf }}</ref> Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:
* [[AAAS (gene)|AAAS]], [[AAMP (gene)|AAMP]], [[AHI1]], [[AMBRA1]], [[APAF1]], [[ARPC1A]], [[ARPC1B]], [[ATG16L1]],
* [[BOP1]], [[BRWD1]], [[BRWD2]], [[BRWD3]], [[BTRC (gene)|BTRC]], [[BUB3]],
* [[C6orf11]], [[CDC20]], [[CDC40]], [[CDRT1]], [[CHAF1B]], [[CIAO1]], [[CIRH1A]], [[COPA (gene)|COPA]], [[COPB2]], [[CORO1A]], [[CORO1B]], [[CORO1C]], [[CORO2A]], [[CORO2B]], [[CORO6]], [[CORO7]], [[CSTF1]],
* [[DDB2]], [[DENND3]], [[DMWD (gene)|DMWD]], [[DMXL1]], [[DMXL2]], [[DNAI1]], [[DNAI2]], [[DNCI1]], [[DTL]], [[DYNC1I1]], [[DYNC1I2]], [[EDC4]],
* [[EED (protein)|EED]], [[EIF3S2]], [[ELP2]], [[EML1]], [[EML2]], [[EML3]], [[EML4]], [[EML4-ALK]], [[EML5]], [[ERCC8]],
* [[FBXW10]], [[FBXW11]], [[FBXW2]], [[FBXW4]], [[FBXW5]], [[FBXW7]], [[FBXW8]], [[FBXW9]], [[FZR1]],
* GBL, [[GEMIN5]], [[GNB1]], [[GNB1L]], [[GNB2]], [[GNB2L1]], [[GNB3]], [[GNB4]], [[GNB5]], [[GRWD1]], [[GTF3C2]],
* [[HERC1]], [[HIRA]], [[HZGJ]],
* [[IFT121]], [[IFT122]], [[IFT140]], [[IFT172]], [[IFT80]], [[IQWD1]],
* [[KATNB1]], [[KIAA1336]], [[KIF21A]], [[KIF21B]], [[KM-PA-2]],
* [[KEAP1]],
* [[LLGL1]], [[LLGL2]], [[LRBA]], [[LRRK1]], [[LRRK2]], [[LRWD1]], [[LYST]],
* [[MAPKBP1]], [[MED16]], [[MORG1]],
* [[NBEA]], [[NBEAL1]], [[NEDD1]], [[NLE1]], [[NSMAF]], [[NUP37]], [[NUP43]], [[NWD1]],
* [[PAAF1]], [[PAFAH1B1]], [[PAK1IP1]], [[PEX7]], [[PHIP]], [[PIK3R4]], [[PLAA (gene)|PLAA]], [[PLRG1]], [[PPP2R2A]], [[PPP2R2B]], [[PPP2R2C]], [[PPP2R2D]], [[PPWD1]], [[PREB]], [[PRPF19]], [[PRPF4]], [[PWP1]], [[PWP2]],
* [[RAE1]], [[RPTOR]], [[RBBP4]], [[RBBP5]], [[RBBP7]], [[RFWD2]], [[RFWD3]], [[RRP9]],
* [[SREBP cleavage activating protein|SCAP]], [[SEC13]], [[SEC31A]], [[SEC31B]], [[SEH1L]], [[SHKBP1]], [[SMU1]], [[SPAG16]], SPG, [[STRAP]], [[STRN]], [[STRN3]], [[STRN4]], [[STXBP5]], [[STXBP5L]],
* [[TAF5]], [[TAF5L]], [[TBL1X]], [[TBL1XR1]], [[TBL1Y]], [[TBL2]], [[TBL3]], [[TEP1]], [[THOC3]], [[THOC6]], [[TLE1]], [[TLE2]], [[TLE3]], [[TLE4]], [[TLE6]], [[TRAF7]], [[TSSC1]], [[TULP4]], [[TUWD12]],
* [[UTP15]], [[UTP18]],
* [[WAIT1]], [[WDF3]], [[WDFY1]], [[WDFY2]], [[WDFY3]], [[WDFY4]], [[WDHD1]], [[WDR1]], [[WDR10]], [[WDR12]], [[WDR13]], [[WDR16]], [[WDR17]], [[WDR18]], [[WDR19]], [[WDR20]], [[WDR21A]], [[WDR21C]], [[WDR22]], [[WDR23]], [[WDR24]], [[WDR25]], [[WDR26]], [[WDR27]], [[WDR3]], [[WDR31]], [[WDR32]], [[WDR33]], [[WDR34]], [[WDR35]], [[WDR36]], [[WDR37]], [[WDR38]], [[WDR4]], [[WDR40A]], [[WDR40B]], [[WDR40C]], [[WDR41]], [[WDR42A]], [[WDR42B]], [[WDR43]], [[WDR44]], [[WDR46]], [[WDR47]], [[WDR48]], [[WDR49]], [[WDR5]], [[WDR51A]], [[WDR51B]], [[WDR52]], [[WDR53]], [[WDR54]], [[WDR55]], [[WDR57]], [[WDR59]], [[WDR5B]], [[WDR6]], [[WDR60]], [[WDR61]], [[WDR62]], [[WDR63]], [[WDR64]], [[WDR65]], [[WDR66]], [[WDR67]], [[WDR68]], [[WDR69]], [[WDR7]], [[WDR70]], [[WDR72]], [[WDR73]], [[WDR74]], [[WDR75]], [[WDR76]], [[WDR77]], [[WDR78]], [[WDR79]], [[WDR8]], [[WDR81]], [[WDR82]], [[WDR85]], [[WDR86]], [[WDR88]], [[WDR89]], [[WDR90]], [[WDR91]], [[WDR92]], [[WDSOF1]], [[WDSUB1]], [[WDTC1]], [[WSB1]], [[WSB2]],
* [[ZFP106]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Human WDR genes and associated diseases
|-
! WDR gene !! other gene names !! NCBI Entrez<br> Gene ID !! Human disease associated with mutations
|-
|[[WDR1]]||AIP1; NORI-1; HEL-S-52||9948||
|-
|WDR2||[[CORO2A]]; IR10; CLIPINB||7464||
|-
|[[WDR3]]||DIP2; UTP12||10885||
|-
|[[WDR4]]||TRM82; TRMT82||10785||
|-
|[[WDR5]]||SWD3; BIG-3; CFAP89||11091||
|-
|[[WDR6]]||||11180||
|-
|[[WDR7]]||TRAG; KIAA0541; Rabconnectin 3 beta||23335||
|-
|[[WDR8]]||[[WRAP73]]||49856||
|-
|WDR9||[[BRWD1]]; N143; C21orf107||54014||
|-
|WDR10||[[IFT122]]; CED; SPG; CED1; WDR10p; WDR140||55764||[[Sensenbrenner syndrome]]
|-
|[[WD_repeat-containing_protein_11|WDR11]]||DR11; HH14; BRWD2; WDR15||55717||[[Kallmann syndrome]]
|-
|[[WDR12]]||YTM1||55759||
|-
|[[WDR13]]||MG21||64743||
|-
|WDR14||[[GNB1L]]; GY2; FKSG1; WDVCF; DGCRK3||54584||
|-
|WDR15||[[WDR11]]|| ||
|-
|WDR16||[[CFAP52]]; WDRPUH||146845||
|-
|[[WDR17]]||||116966||
|-
|[[WDR18]]||Ipi3||57418||
|-
|[[WDR19]]||ATD5; CED4; DYF-2; ORF26; Oseg6; PWDMP; SRTD5; IFT144; NPHP13||57728||[[Sensenbrenner syndrome]], [[Jeune syndrome]]
|-
|[[WDR20]]||DMR||91833||
|-
|WDR21||[[DCAF4]]; WDR21A||26094||
|-
|WDR22||[[DCAF5]]; BCRG2; BCRP2||8816||
|-
|WDR23||[[DCAF11]]; GL014; PRO2389||80344||
|-
|[[WDR24]]||JFP7; C16orf21||84219||
|-
|[[WDR25]]||C14orf67||79446||
|-
|[[WDR26]]||CDW2; GID7; MIP2||80232||
|-
|[[WDR27]]||||253769||
|-
|[[WDR28]]||GRWD1; CDW4; GRWD; RRB1||83743||
|-
|WDR29||[[SPAG16]]; PF20||79582||
|-
|WDR30||[[ATG16L1]]; IBD10; APG16L; ATG16A; ATG16L||55054||[[Crohn’s disease]]
|-
|[[WDR31]]||||114987||
|-
|WDR32||[[DCAF10]]||79269||
|-
|[[WDR33]]||NET14; WDC146||55339||
|-
|[[WDR34]]||DIC5; FAP133; SRTD11||89891||[[Jeune syndrome]]
|-
|[[WDR35]]||CED2; IFTA1; SRTD7; IFT121||57539||[[Sensenbrenner syndrome]]
|-
|[[WDR36]]||GLC1G; UTP21; TAWDRP; TA-WDRP||134430||[[Primary Open Angle Glaucoma]]
|-
|[[WDR37]]||||22884||
|-
|[[WDR38]]||||401551||
|-
|WDR39||[[CIAO1]]; CIA1||9391||
|-
|WDR40A||[[DCAF12]]; CT102; TCC52; KIAA1892||25853||
|-
|[[WDR41]]||MSTP048||55255||
|-
|[[WDR43]]||UTP5; NET12||23160||
|-
|[[WDR44]]||RPH11; RAB11BP||54521||
|-
|[[WDR45]]||JM5; NBIA4; NBIA5; WDRX1; WIPI4; WIPI-4||11152||[[Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration]] (BPAN)
|-
|[[WDR46]]||UTP7; BING4; FP221; C6orf11||9277||
|-
|[[WDR47]]||NEMITIN; KIAA0893||22911||
|-
|[[WDR48]]||P80; UAF1; SPG60||57599||
|-
|[[WDR49]]||||151790||
|-
|WDR50||[[UTP18]]; CGI-48||51096||
|-
|WDR52||[[CFAP44]]||55779||
|-
|[[WDR53]]||||348793||
|-
|[[WDR54]]||||84058||
|-
|[[WDR55]]||||54853||
|-
|WDR56||[[IFT80]]; ATD2; SRTD2||57560||[[Jeune syndrome]]
|-
|[[WDR57]]||[[SNRNP40]]; SPF38; PRP8BP; HPRP8BP; PRPF8BP||9410||
|-
|WDR58||[[THOC6]]; BBIS; fSAP35||79228||
|-
|[[WDR59]]||FP977||79726||
|-
|[[WDR60]]||SRPS6; SRTD8; FAP163||55112||[[Jeune syndrome]]
|-
|[[WDR61]]||SKI8; REC14||80349||
|-
|[[WDR62]]||MCPH2; C19orf14||284403||[[microcephaly]]
|-
|[[WDR63]]||DIC3; NYD-SP29||126820||
|-
|[[WDR64]]||||128025||
|-
|WDR65||[[CFAP57]]; VWS2||149465||[[Van der Woude syndrome]]
|-
|[[WDR66]]||CaM-IP4||144406||
|-
|WDR67||[[TBC1D31]]; Gm85||93594||
|-
|[[WDR68]]||[[DCAF7]]; AN11; HAN11; SWAN-1||10238||
|-
|WDR69||[[DAW1]]; ODA16||164781||
|-
|[[WDR70]]||||55100||
|-
|WDR71||[[PAAF1]]; PAAF; Rpn14||80227||
|-
|[[WDR72]]||AI2A3||256764||[[Amelogenesis imperfecta]]
|-
|[[WDR73]]||HSPC264||84942||
|-
|[[WDR74]]||||54663||
|-
|[[WDR75]]||NET16; UTP17 ||84128||
|-
|[[WDR76]]||CDW14||79968||
|-
|[[WDR77]]||p44; MEP50; MEP-50; HKMT1069; Nbla10071; p44/Mep50||79084
|-
|[[WDR78]]||DIC4||79819||
|-
|WDR79||[[WRAP53]]; DKCB3; TCAB1||55135||
|-
|WDR80||[[ATG16L]]; ATG16B||89849||
|-
|[[WDR81]]||CAMRQ2; PPP1R166||124997||[[cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, and dysequilibrium syndrome-2]]
|-
|[[WDR82]]||SWD2; MST107; WDR82A; MSTP107; PRO2730; TMEM113; PRO34047||80335||
|-
|[[WDR83]]||MORG1||84292||
|-
|WDR84||[[PAK1IP1]]; PIP1; MAK11||55003||
|-
|WDR85||[[DPH7]]; RRT2; C9orf112||92715||
|-
|[[WDR86]]||||349136||
|-
|[[WDR87]]||NYD-SP11||83889||
|-
|[[WDR88]]||PQWD||126248||
|-
|[[WDR89]]||MSTP050; C14orf150||112840||
|-
|[[WDR90]]||C16orf15; C16orf16; C16orf17; C16orf18; C16orf19||197335||
|-
|[[WDR91]]||HSPC049||29062||
|-
|[[WDR92]]||MONAD||116143||
|-
|[[WDR93]]||||56964||
|-
|WDR94||[[AMBRA1]]; DCAF3||55626||
|-
|WDR96||[[CFAP43]]; C10orf79||80217||
|}


==Hypotheses==
==Hypotheses==

Latest revision as of 23:22, 21 August 2021

Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Henry A. Hoff

WD domain, G-beta repeat
File:1erj 7bladed beta propeller.png
Ribbon diagram of the C-terminal WD40 domain of Tup1 (a transcriptional corepressor in yeast), which adopts a 7-bladed beta-propeller fold. Ribbon is colored from blue (N-terminus) to red (C-terminus).[1]
Identifiers
SymbolWD40
PfamPF00400
Pfam clanCL0186
InterProIPR001680
PROSITEPDOC00574
SCOP1gp2
SUPERFAMILY1gp2
CDDcd00200

"Receptor for activated C kinase (RACK1) is a highly conserved, eukaryotic protein of the WD-40 repeat family. [...] During Phaseolus vulgaris root development, RACK1 (PvRACK1) mRNA expression was induced by auxins, abscissic acid, cytokinin, and gibberellic acid."[2]

The WD40 repeat (also known as the WD or beta-transducin repeat) is a short structural motif of approximately 40 amino acids, often terminating in a tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) dipeptide.[3]

Structure

WD40 domain-containing proteins have 4 to 16 repeating units, all of which are thought to form a circularised beta-propeller structure (see figure to the right).[4][5]

Function

WD40-repeat proteins are a large family found in all eukaryotes and are implicated in a variety of functions ranging from signal transduction and transcription regulation to cell cycle control, autophagy and apoptosis.[6] The underlying common function of all WD40-repeat proteins is coordinating multi-protein complex assemblies, where the repeating units serve as a rigid scaffold for protein interactions. The specificity of the proteins is determined by the sequences outside the repeats themselves. Examples of such complexes are G proteins (beta subunit is a beta-propeller), TAFII transcription factor, and E3 ubiquitin ligase.[4][5]

Protein family

According to the initial analysis of the human genome WD40 repeats are the eighth largest family of proteins. In all 277 proteins were identified to contain them.[7] Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:

Human WDR genes and associated diseases
WDR gene other gene names NCBI Entrez
Gene ID		 Human disease associated with mutations
WDR1 AIP1; NORI-1; HEL-S-52 9948
WDR2 CORO2A; IR10; CLIPINB 7464
WDR3 DIP2; UTP12 10885
WDR4 TRM82; TRMT82 10785
WDR5 SWD3; BIG-3; CFAP89 11091
WDR6 11180
WDR7 TRAG; KIAA0541; Rabconnectin 3 beta 23335
WDR8 WRAP73 49856
WDR9 BRWD1; N143; C21orf107 54014
WDR10 IFT122; CED; SPG; CED1; WDR10p; WDR140 55764 Sensenbrenner syndrome
WDR11 DR11; HH14; BRWD2; WDR15 55717 Kallmann syndrome
WDR12 YTM1 55759
WDR13 MG21 64743
WDR14 GNB1L; GY2; FKSG1; WDVCF; DGCRK3 54584
WDR15 WDR11
WDR16 CFAP52; WDRPUH 146845
WDR17 116966
WDR18 Ipi3 57418
WDR19 ATD5; CED4; DYF-2; ORF26; Oseg6; PWDMP; SRTD5; IFT144; NPHP13 57728 Sensenbrenner syndrome, Jeune syndrome
WDR20 DMR 91833
WDR21 DCAF4; WDR21A 26094
WDR22 DCAF5; BCRG2; BCRP2 8816
WDR23 DCAF11; GL014; PRO2389 80344
WDR24 JFP7; C16orf21 84219
WDR25 C14orf67 79446
WDR26 CDW2; GID7; MIP2 80232
WDR27 253769
WDR28 GRWD1; CDW4; GRWD; RRB1 83743
WDR29 SPAG16; PF20 79582
WDR30 ATG16L1; IBD10; APG16L; ATG16A; ATG16L 55054 Crohn’s disease
WDR31 114987
WDR32 DCAF10 79269
WDR33 NET14; WDC146 55339
WDR34 DIC5; FAP133; SRTD11 89891 Jeune syndrome
WDR35 CED2; IFTA1; SRTD7; IFT121 57539 Sensenbrenner syndrome
WDR36 GLC1G; UTP21; TAWDRP; TA-WDRP 134430 Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
WDR37 22884
WDR38 401551
WDR39 CIAO1; CIA1 9391
WDR40A DCAF12; CT102; TCC52; KIAA1892 25853
WDR41 MSTP048 55255
WDR43 UTP5; NET12 23160
WDR44 RPH11; RAB11BP 54521
WDR45 JM5; NBIA4; NBIA5; WDRX1; WIPI4; WIPI-4 11152 Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN)
WDR46 UTP7; BING4; FP221; C6orf11 9277
WDR47 NEMITIN; KIAA0893 22911
WDR48 P80; UAF1; SPG60 57599
WDR49 151790
WDR50 UTP18; CGI-48 51096
WDR52 CFAP44 55779
WDR53 348793
WDR54 84058
WDR55 54853
WDR56 IFT80; ATD2; SRTD2 57560 Jeune syndrome
WDR57 SNRNP40; SPF38; PRP8BP; HPRP8BP; PRPF8BP 9410
WDR58 THOC6; BBIS; fSAP35 79228
WDR59 FP977 79726
WDR60 SRPS6; SRTD8; FAP163 55112 Jeune syndrome
WDR61 SKI8; REC14 80349
WDR62 MCPH2; C19orf14 284403 microcephaly
WDR63 DIC3; NYD-SP29 126820
WDR64 128025
WDR65 CFAP57; VWS2 149465 Van der Woude syndrome
WDR66 CaM-IP4 144406
WDR67 TBC1D31; Gm85 93594
WDR68 DCAF7; AN11; HAN11; SWAN-1 10238
WDR69 DAW1; ODA16 164781
WDR70 55100
WDR71 PAAF1; PAAF; Rpn14 80227
WDR72 AI2A3 256764 Amelogenesis imperfecta
WDR73 HSPC264 84942
WDR74 54663
WDR75 NET16; UTP17 84128
WDR76 CDW14 79968
WDR77 p44; MEP50; MEP-50; HKMT1069; Nbla10071; p44/Mep50 79084
WDR78 DIC4 79819
WDR79 WRAP53; DKCB3; TCAB1 55135
WDR80 ATG16L; ATG16B 89849
WDR81 CAMRQ2; PPP1R166 124997 cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, and dysequilibrium syndrome-2
WDR82 SWD2; MST107; WDR82A; MSTP107; PRO2730; TMEM113; PRO34047 80335
WDR83 MORG1 84292
WDR84 PAK1IP1; PIP1; MAK11 55003
WDR85 DPH7; RRT2; C9orf112 92715
WDR86 349136
WDR87 NYD-SP11 83889
WDR88 PQWD 126248
WDR89 MSTP050; C14orf150 112840
WDR90 C16orf15; C16orf16; C16orf17; C16orf18; C16orf19 197335
WDR91 HSPC049 29062
WDR92 MONAD 116143
WDR93 56964
WDR94 AMBRA1; DCAF3 55626
WDR96 CFAP43; C10orf79 80217

Hypotheses

Main article: Hypotheses
  1. A1BG has no regulatory elements in either promoter for the WD-40 repeat family proteins.
  2. A1BG is not transcribed by a regulatory element for the WD-40 repeat family proteins.
  3. No regulatory element for the WD-40 repeat family proteins participates in the transcription of A1BG.

Acknowledgements

The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.

See also

References

  1. ↑ PDB: 1erj​; Sprague ER, Redd MJ, Johnson AD, Wolberger C (June 2000). "Structure of the C-terminal domain of Tup1, a corepressor of transcription in yeast". EMBO J. 19 (12): 3016–27. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.12.3016. PMC 203344. PMID 10856245.
  2. ↑ Tania Islas-Flores, Gabriel Guillén, Xóchitl Alvarado-Affantranger, Miguel Lara-Flores, Federico Sánchez, and Marco A. Villanueva (2011). "PvRACK1 Loss-of-Function Impairs Cell Expansion and Morphogenesis in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Root Nodules". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 24 (7): 819–826. doi:10.1094/MPMI-11-10-0261. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  3. ↑ Neer EJ, Schmidt CJ, Nambudripad R, Smith TF (September 1994). "The ancient regulatory-protein family of WD-repeat proteins". Nature. 371 (6495): 297–300. Bibcode:1994Natur.371..297N6 Check |bibcode= length (help). doi:10.1038/371297a0. PMID 8090199.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Smith TF, Gaitatzes C, Saxena K, Neer EJ (May 1999). "The WD40 repeat: a common architecture for diverse functions". Trends Biochem. Sci. 24 (5): 181–5. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(99)01384-5. PMID 10322433.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Li D, Roberts R (December 2001). "WD-repeat proteins: structure characteristics, biological function, and their involvement in human diseases". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 58 (14): 2085–97. doi:10.1007/PL00000838. PMID 11814058.
  6. ↑ Stirnimann CU, Petsalaki E, Russell RB, Müller CW (May 2010). "WD40 proteins propel cellular networks". Trends Biochem. Sci. 35 (10): 565–74. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2010.04.003. PMID 20451393.
  7. ↑ Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, et al. (February 2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome" (PDF). Nature. 409 (6822): 860–921. doi:10.1038/35057062. PMID 11237011.

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