N-Myc: Difference between revisions

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== Function ==
== Function ==


The MYCN gene is a member of the MYC family of [[transcription factor]]s and encodes a protein with a basic helix-loop-helix ([[basic-helix-loop-helix|bHLH]]) domain. This protein is located in the cell nucleus and must dimerize with another bHLH protein in order to bind DNA.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: MYCN v-myc myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene, neuroblastoma derived (avian)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4613 }}</ref> N-Myc is highly expressed in the fetal brain and is critical for normal brain development.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Knoepfler PS, Cheng PF, Eisenman RN | title = N-myc is essential during neurogenesis for the rapid expansion of progenitor cell populations and the inhibition of neuronal differentiation. | journal = Genes Dev. | volume = 16 | issue = 20 | pages = 2699–712 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12381668 | doi = 10.1101/gad.1021202 | pmc=187459}}</ref>
The ''MYCN'' gene is a member of the MYC family of [[transcription factor]]s and encodes a protein with a basic helix-loop-helix ([[basic-helix-loop-helix|bHLH]]) domain. This protein is located in the cell nucleus and must dimerize with another bHLH protein in order to bind DNA.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: MYCN v-myc myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene, neuroblastoma derived (avian)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4613 }}</ref> N-Myc is highly expressed in the fetal brain and is critical for normal brain development.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Knoepfler PS, Cheng PF, Eisenman RN | title = N-myc is essential during neurogenesis for the rapid expansion of progenitor cell populations and the inhibition of neuronal differentiation. | journal = Genes Dev. | volume = 16 | issue = 20 | pages = 2699–712 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12381668 | doi = 10.1101/gad.1021202 | pmc=187459}}</ref>


The MYCN gene has an antisense RNA, N-cym or MYCNOS, transcribed from the opposite strand which can be translated to form a protein product.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Armstrong BC, Krystal GW | title = Isolation and characterization of complementary DNA for N-cym, a gene encoded by the DNA strand opposite to N-myc. | journal = Cell Growth Differ. | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 385–90 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1419902 | doi =  }}</ref> N-Myc and MYCNOS are co-regulated both in normal development and in tumor cells, so it is possible that the two proteins are functionally related.<ref name="url_NCBI">{{cite web | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10408 | title = MYCN opposite strand/antisense RNA [Homo sapiens] | publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = Entrez Gene Database }}</ref> It has been shown that NCYM antisense RNA encodes for a protein that has originated de novo and is specific to human and chimpanzee. This NCYM protein inhibits GSK3b and thus prevents MYCN degradation. Transgenic mice that harbor human MYCN/NCYM pair often show neuroblastomas with distant metastasis, which are atypical for normal mice. Thus NCYM represents a rare example of a de novo gene that has acquired molecular function and plays a major role in oncogenesis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Suenaga Y, Islam SM, Alagu J, Kaneko Y, Kato M, Tanaka Y, Kawana H, Hossain S, Matsumoto D, Yamamoto M, Shoji W, Itami M, Shibata T, Nakamura Y, Ohira M, Haraguchi S, Takatori A, Nakagawara A | title = NCYM, a Cis-Antisense Gene of MYCN, Encodes a De Novo Evolved Protein That Inhibits GSK3β Resulting in the Stabilization of MYCN in Human Neuroblastomas | journal = PLoS Genetics | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | page = e1003996 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24391509 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003996 | pmc=3879166}}</ref>
The ''MYCN'' gene has an antisense RNA, N-cym or ''MYCNOS'', transcribed from the opposite strand which can be translated to form a protein product.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Armstrong BC, Krystal GW | title = Isolation and characterization of complementary DNA for N-cym, a gene encoded by the DNA strand opposite to N-myc. | journal = Cell Growth Differ. | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 385–90 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1419902 | doi =  }}</ref> N-Myc and ''MYCNOS'' are co-regulated both in normal development and in tumor cells, so it is possible that the two transcripts are functionally related.<ref name="url_NCBI">{{cite web | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10408 | title = MYCN opposite strand/antisense RNA [Homo sapiens] | publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = Entrez Gene Database }}</ref> It has been shown that the antisense RNA encodes for a protein, named NCYM, that has originated ''de novo'' and is specific to human and chimpanzee. This NCYM protein inhibits GSK3b and thus prevents MYCN degradation. Transgenic mice that harbor human MYCN/NCYM pair often show neuroblastomas with distant metastasis, which are atypical for normal mice. Thus NCYM represents a rare example of a de novo gene that has acquired molecular function and plays a major role in oncogenesis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Suenaga Y, Islam SM, Alagu J, Kaneko Y, Kato M, Tanaka Y, Kawana H, Hossain S, Matsumoto D, Yamamoto M, Shoji W, Itami M, Shibata T, Nakamura Y, Ohira M, Haraguchi S, Takatori A, Nakagawara A | title = NCYM, a Cis-Antisense Gene of MYCN, Encodes a De Novo Evolved Protein That Inhibits GSK3β Resulting in the Stabilization of MYCN in Human Neuroblastomas | journal = PLoS Genetics | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | page = e1003996 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24391509 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003996 | pmc=3879166}}</ref>


== Clinical significance ==
== Clinical significance ==
Amplification and overexpression of N-Myc can lead to tumorigenesis. Excess N-Myc is associated with a variety of tumors, most notably [[neuroblastoma]]s where patients with amplification of the N-Myc gene tend to have poor outcomes.<ref name="pmid8102299">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng JM, Hiemstra JL, Schneider SS, Naumova A, Cheung NK, Cohn SL, Diller L, Sapienza C, Brodeur GM | title = Preferential amplification of the paternal allele of the N-myc gene in human neuroblastomas | journal = Nat. Genet. | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–4 | date = June 1993 | pmid = 8102299 | doi = 10.1038/ng0693-191 | url =  | issn =  }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Emanuel BS, Balaban G, Boyd JP, Grossman A, Negishi M, Parmiter A, Glick MC | title = N-myc amplification in multiple homogeneously staining regions in two human neuroblastomas. | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 82 | issue = 11 | pages = 3736–40 | year = 1985 | pmid = 2582423 | pmc = 397862 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.82.11.3736 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brodeur GM, Seeger RC, Schwab M, Varmus HE, Bishop JM | title = Amplification of N-myc in untreated human neuroblastomas correlates with advanced disease stage. | journal = Science | volume = 224 | issue = 4653 | pages = 1121–4 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6719137 | doi = 10.1126/science.6719137 }}</ref>
Amplification and overexpression of N-Myc can lead to tumorigenesis. Excess N-Myc is associated with a variety of tumors, most notably [[neuroblastoma]]s where patients with amplification of the N-Myc gene tend to have poor outcomes.<ref name="pmid8102299">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng JM, Hiemstra JL, Schneider SS, Naumova A, Cheung NK, Cohn SL, Diller L, Sapienza C, Brodeur GM | title = Preferential amplification of the paternal allele of the N-myc gene in human neuroblastomas | journal = Nat. Genet. | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–4 | date = June 1993 | pmid = 8102299 | doi = 10.1038/ng0693-191 | url =  | issn =  }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Emanuel BS, Balaban G, Boyd JP, Grossman A, Negishi M, Parmiter A, Glick MC | title = N-myc amplification in multiple homogeneously staining regions in two human neuroblastomas. | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 82 | issue = 11 | pages = 3736–40 | year = 1985 | pmid = 2582423 | pmc = 397862 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.82.11.3736 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brodeur GM, Seeger RC, Schwab M, Varmus HE, Bishop JM | title = Amplification of N-myc in untreated human neuroblastomas correlates with advanced disease stage. | journal = Science | volume = 224 | issue = 4653 | pages = 1121–4 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6719137 | doi = 10.1126/science.6719137 }}</ref> MYCN can also be activated in neuroblastoma and other cancers through somatic mutation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pugh TJ, Morozova O, Attiyeh EF, Asgharzadeh S, Wei JS, Auclair D, Carter SL, Cibulskis K, Hanna M, Kiezun A, Kim J, Lawrence MS, Lichenstein L, McKenna A, Pedamallu CS, Ramos AH, Shefler E, Sivachenko A, Sougnez C, Stewart C, Ally A, Birol I, Chiu R, Corbett RD, Hirst M, Jackman SD, Kamoh B, Khodabakshi AH, Krzywinski M, Lo A, Moore RA, Mungall KL, Qian J, Tam A, Thiessen N, Zhao Y, Cole KA, Diamond M, Diskin SJ, Mosse YP, Wood AC, Ji L, Sposto R, Badgett T, London WB, Moyer Y, Gastier-Foster JM, Smith MA, Guidry Auvil JM, Gerhard DS, Hogarty MD, Jones SJ, Lander ES, Gabriel SB, Getz G, Seeger RC, Khan J, Marra MA, Meyerson M, Maris JM | display-authors = 6 | title = The genetic landscape of high-risk neuroblastoma | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 279–84 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23334666 | pmc = 3682833 | doi = 10.1038/ng.2529 | url = https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/11877095/3682833.pdf?sequence=1 }}</ref>  


== Interactions ==
== Interactions ==

Latest revision as of 13:03, 4 November 2018

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Identifiers
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External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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N-myc proto-oncogene protein also known as N-Myc or basic helix-loop-helix protein 37 (bHLHe37), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYCN gene.

Function

The MYCN gene is a member of the MYC family of transcription factors and encodes a protein with a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain. This protein is located in the cell nucleus and must dimerize with another bHLH protein in order to bind DNA.[1] N-Myc is highly expressed in the fetal brain and is critical for normal brain development.[2]

The MYCN gene has an antisense RNA, N-cym or MYCNOS, transcribed from the opposite strand which can be translated to form a protein product.[3] N-Myc and MYCNOS are co-regulated both in normal development and in tumor cells, so it is possible that the two transcripts are functionally related.[4] It has been shown that the antisense RNA encodes for a protein, named NCYM, that has originated de novo and is specific to human and chimpanzee. This NCYM protein inhibits GSK3b and thus prevents MYCN degradation. Transgenic mice that harbor human MYCN/NCYM pair often show neuroblastomas with distant metastasis, which are atypical for normal mice. Thus NCYM represents a rare example of a de novo gene that has acquired molecular function and plays a major role in oncogenesis.[5]

Clinical significance

Amplification and overexpression of N-Myc can lead to tumorigenesis. Excess N-Myc is associated with a variety of tumors, most notably neuroblastomas where patients with amplification of the N-Myc gene tend to have poor outcomes.[6][7][8] MYCN can also be activated in neuroblastoma and other cancers through somatic mutation.[9]

Interactions

N-Myc has been shown to interact with MAX.[10][11]

N-Myc is also stabilized by aurora A which protects it from degradation.[12] Drugs that target this interaction are under development, and are designed to change the conformation of aurora A. Conformational change in Aurora A leads to release of N-Myc, which is then degraded in a ubiquitin-dependent manner.[13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Entrez Gene: MYCN v-myc myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene, neuroblastoma derived (avian)".
  2. ↑ Knoepfler PS, Cheng PF, Eisenman RN (2002). "N-myc is essential during neurogenesis for the rapid expansion of progenitor cell populations and the inhibition of neuronal differentiation". Genes Dev. 16 (20): 2699–712. doi:10.1101/gad.1021202. PMC 187459. PMID 12381668.
  3. ↑ Armstrong BC, Krystal GW (1992). "Isolation and characterization of complementary DNA for N-cym, a gene encoded by the DNA strand opposite to N-myc". Cell Growth Differ. 3 (6): 385–90. PMID 1419902.
  4. ↑ "MYCN opposite strand/antisense RNA [Homo sapiens]". Entrez Gene Database. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ Suenaga Y, Islam SM, Alagu J, Kaneko Y, Kato M, Tanaka Y, Kawana H, Hossain S, Matsumoto D, Yamamoto M, Shoji W, Itami M, Shibata T, Nakamura Y, Ohira M, Haraguchi S, Takatori A, Nakagawara A (2014). "NCYM, a Cis-Antisense Gene of MYCN, Encodes a De Novo Evolved Protein That Inhibits GSK3β Resulting in the Stabilization of MYCN in Human Neuroblastomas". PLoS Genetics. 10 (1): e1003996. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003996. PMC 3879166. PMID 24391509.
  6. ↑ Cheng JM, Hiemstra JL, Schneider SS, Naumova A, Cheung NK, Cohn SL, Diller L, Sapienza C, Brodeur GM (June 1993). "Preferential amplification of the paternal allele of the N-myc gene in human neuroblastomas". Nat. Genet. 4 (2): 191–4. doi:10.1038/ng0693-191. PMID 8102299.
  7. ↑ Emanuel BS, Balaban G, Boyd JP, Grossman A, Negishi M, Parmiter A, Glick MC (1985). "N-myc amplification in multiple homogeneously staining regions in two human neuroblastomas". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (11): 3736–40. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.11.3736. PMC 397862. PMID 2582423.
  8. ↑ Brodeur GM, Seeger RC, Schwab M, Varmus HE, Bishop JM (1984). "Amplification of N-myc in untreated human neuroblastomas correlates with advanced disease stage". Science. 224 (4653): 1121–4. doi:10.1126/science.6719137. PMID 6719137.
  9. ↑ Pugh TJ, Morozova O, Attiyeh EF, Asgharzadeh S, Wei JS, Auclair D, et al. (March 2013). "The genetic landscape of high-risk neuroblastoma" (PDF). Nature Genetics. 45 (3): 279–84. doi:10.1038/ng.2529. PMC 3682833. PMID 23334666.
  10. ↑ Blackwood EM, Eisenman RN (March 1991). "Max: a helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with Myc". Science. 251 (4998): 1211–7. doi:10.1126/science.2006410. PMID 2006410.
  11. ↑ FitzGerald MJ, Arsura M, Bellas RE, Yang W, Wu M, Chin L, Mann KK, DePinho RA, Sonenshein GE (April 1999). "Differential effects of the widely expressed dMax splice variant of Max on E-box vs initiator element-mediated regulation by c-Myc". Oncogene. 18 (15): 2489–98. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202611. PMID 10229200.
  12. ↑ Otto T, Horn S, Brockmann M, Eilers U, Schüttrumpf L, Popov N, Kenney AM, Schulte JH, Beijersbergen R, Christiansen H, Berwanger B, Eilers M (January 2009). "Stabilization of N-Myc is a critical function of Aurora A in human neuroblastoma". Cancer Cell. 15 (1): 67–78. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2008.12.005. PMID 19111882.
  13. ↑ Gustafson WC, Meyerowitz JG, Nekritz EA, Chen J, Benes C, Charron E, Simonds EF, Seeger R, Matthay KK, Hertz NT, Eilers M, Shokat KM, Weiss WA (Aug 27, 2014). "Drugging MYCN through an Allosteric Transition in Aurora Kinase A." Cancer Cell. 26: 414–27. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2014.07.015. PMC 4160413. PMID 25175806.

Further reading

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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