Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-alpha), also known as NR2B1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group B, member 1) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RXRA gene.[1]
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and retinoic acid receptors (RARs), are nuclear receptors that mediate the biological effects of retinoids by their involvement in retinoic acid-mediated gene activation. These receptors exert their action by binding, as homodimers or heterodimers, to specific sequences in the promoters of target genes and regulating their transcription. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors.[2] In the absence of ligand, the RXR-RAR heterodimers associate with a multiprotein complex containing transcription corepressors that induce histone deacetylation, chromatin condensation and transcriptional suppression. On ligand binding, the corepressors dissociate from the receptors and associate with the coactivators leading to transcriptional activation. The RXRA/PPARA heterodimer is required for PPARA transcriptional activity on fatty acid oxidation genes such as ACOX1 and the cytochrome P450 system genes.[3]
Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.[§ 1]
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↑Na SY, Choi HS, Kim JW, Na DS, Lee JW (1998). "Bcl3, an IkappaB protein, as a novel transcription coactivator of the retinoid X receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (47): 30933–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.47.30933. PMID9812988.
↑Monden T, Kishi M, Hosoya T, Satoh T, Wondisford FE, Hollenberg AN, Yamada M, Mori M (1999). "p120 acts as a specific coactivator for 9-cis-retinoic acid receptor (RXR) on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma/RXR heterodimers". Mol. Endocrinol. 13 (10): 1695–703. doi:10.1210/me.13.10.1695. PMID10517671.
↑ 6.06.1McNamara P, Seo SB, Rudic RD, Sehgal A, Chakravarti D, FitzGerald GA (2001). "Regulation of CLOCK and MOP4 by nuclear hormone receptors in the vasculature: a humoral mechanism to reset a peripheral clock". Cell. 105 (7): 877–89. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00401-9. PMID11439184.
↑ 7.07.1Seol W, Choi HS, Moore DD (1995). "Isolation of proteins that interact specifically with the retinoid X receptor: two novel orphan receptors". Mol. Endocrinol. 9 (1): 72–85. doi:10.1210/mend.9.1.7760852. PMID7760852.
↑Liu B, Lee HY, Weinzimer SA, Powell DR, Clifford JL, Kurie JM, Cohen P (2000). "Direct functional interactions between insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 and retinoid X receptor-alpha regulate transcriptional signaling and apoptosis". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (43): 33607–13. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002547200. PMID10874028.
↑Froeschlé A, Alric S, Kitzmann M, Carnac G, Auradé F, Rochette-Egly C, Bonnieu A (1998). "Retinoic acid receptors and muscle b-HLH proteins: partners in retinoid-induced myogenesis". Oncogene. 16 (26): 3369–78. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201894. PMID9692544.
↑Lee SK, Anzick SL, Choi JE, Bubendorf L, Guan XY, Jung YK, Kallioniemi OP, Kononen J, Trent JM, Azorsa D, Jhun BH, Cheong JH, Lee YC, Meltzer PS, Lee JW (1999). "A nuclear factor, ASC-2, as a cancer-amplified transcriptional coactivator essential for ligand-dependent transactivation by nuclear receptors in vivo". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (48): 34283–93. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.48.34283. PMID10567404.
↑Lee SK, Jung SY, Kim YS, Na SY, Lee YC, Lee JW (2001). "Two distinct nuclear receptor-interaction domains and CREB-binding protein-dependent transactivation function of activating signal cointegrator-2". Mol. Endocrinol. 15 (2): 241–54. doi:10.1210/me.15.2.241. PMID11158331.
↑Kong HJ, Park MJ, Hong S, Yu HJ, Lee YC, Choi YH, Cheong J (2003). "Hepatitis B virus X protein regulates transactivation activity and protein stability of the cancer-amplified transcription coactivator ASC-2". Hepatology. 38 (5): 1258–66. doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50451. PMID14578865.
↑Ko L, Cardona GR, Iwasaki T, Bramlett KS, Burris TP, Chin WW (2002). "Ser-884 adjacent to the LXXLL motif of coactivator TRBP defines selectivity for ERs and TRs". Mol. Endocrinol. 16 (1): 128–40. doi:10.1210/mend.16.1.0755. PMID11773444.
↑Na SY, Kim HJ, Lee SK, Choi HS, Na DS, Lee MO, Chung M, Moore DD, Lee JW (1998). "IkappaBbeta interacts with the retinoid X receptor and inhibits retinoid-dependent transactivation in lipopolysaccharide-treated cells". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (6): 3212–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.6.3212. PMID9452433.
↑Farooqui M, Franco PJ, Thompson J, Kagechika H, Chandraratna RA, Banaszak L, Wei LN (2003). "Effects of retinoid ligands on RIP140: molecular interaction with retinoid receptors and biological activity". Biochemistry. 42 (4): 971–9. doi:10.1021/bi020497k. PMID12549917.
↑Lin B, Kolluri SK, Lin F, Liu W, Han YH, Cao X, Dawson MI, Reed JC, Zhang XK (2004). "Conversion of Bcl-2 from protector to killer by interaction with nuclear orphan receptor Nur77/TR3". Cell. 116 (4): 527–40. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00162-X. PMID14980220.
↑ 19.019.1Zhang C, Baudino TA, Dowd DR, Tokumaru H, Wang W, MacDonald PN (2001). "Ternary complexes and cooperative interplay between NCoA-62/Ski-interacting protein and steroid receptor coactivators in vitamin D receptor-mediated transcription". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (44): 40614–20. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106263200. PMID11514567.
↑Chen H, Lin RJ, Schiltz RL, Chakravarti D, Nash A, Nagy L, Privalsky ML, Nakatani Y, Evans RM (1997). "Nuclear receptor coactivator ACTR is a novel histone acetyltransferase and forms a multimeric activation complex with P/CAF and CBP/p300". Cell. 90 (3): 569–80. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80516-4. PMID9267036.
↑Préfontaine GG, Walther R, Giffin W, Lemieux ME, Pope L, Haché RJ (1999). "Selective binding of steroid hormone receptors to octamer transcription factors determines transcriptional synergism at the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (38): 26713–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.38.26713. PMID10480874.
↑Kakizawa T, Miyamoto T, Ichikawa K, Kaneko A, Suzuki S, Hara M, Nagasawa T, Takeda T, Mori Ji, Kumagai M, Hashizume K (1999). "Functional interaction between Oct-1 and retinoid X receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (27): 19103–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.27.19103. PMID10383413.
↑Delerive P, Wu Y, Burris TP, Chin WW, Suen CS (2002). "PGC-1 functions as a transcriptional coactivator for the retinoid X receptors". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (6): 3913–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109409200. PMID11714715.
↑Berger J, Patel HV, Woods J, Hayes NS, Parent SA, Clemas J, Leibowitz MD, Elbrecht A, Rachubinski RA, Capone JP, Moller DE (2000). "A PPARgamma mutant serves as a dominant negative inhibitor of PPAR signaling and is localized in the nucleus". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 162 (1–2): 57–67. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(00)00211-2. PMID10854698.
↑Gampe RT, Montana VG, Lambert MH, Miller AB, Bledsoe RK, Milburn MV, Kliewer SA, Willson TM, Xu HE (2000). "Asymmetry in the PPARgamma/RXRalpha crystal structure reveals the molecular basis of heterodimerization among nuclear receptors". Mol. Cell. 5 (3): 545–55. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80448-7. PMID10882139.
↑Takano Y, Adachi S, Okuno M, Muto Y, Yoshioka T, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Tsurumi H, Ito K, Friedman SL, Moriwaki H, Kojima S, Okano Y (2004). "The RING finger protein, RNF8, interacts with retinoid X receptor alpha and enhances its transcription-stimulating activity". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (18): 18926–34. doi:10.1074/jbc.M309148200. PMID14981089.
↑Brendel C, Schoonjans K, Botrugno OA, Treuter E, Auwerx J (2002). "The small heterodimer partner interacts with the liver X receptor alpha and represses its transcriptional activity". Mol. Endocrinol. 16 (9): 2065–76. doi:10.1210/me.2001-0194. PMID12198243.
↑Zeng M, Kumar A, Meng G, Gao Q, Dimri G, Wazer D, Band H, Band V (2002). "Human papilloma virus 16 E6 oncoprotein inhibits retinoic X receptor-mediated transactivation by targeting human ADA3 coactivator". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (47): 45611–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M208447200. PMID12235159.
↑Thénot S, Henriquet C, Rochefort H, Cavaillès V (1997). "Differential interaction of nuclear receptors with the putative human transcriptional coactivator hTIF1". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (18): 12062–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.18.12062. PMID9115274.
↑Lee WY, Noy N (2002). "Interactions of RXR with coactivators are differentially mediated by helix 11 of the receptor's ligand binding domain". Biochemistry. 41 (8): 2500–8. doi:10.1021/bi011764. PMID11851396.
↑Monden T, Wondisford FE, Hollenberg AN (1997). "Isolation and characterization of a novel ligand-dependent thyroid hormone receptor-coactivating protein". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (47): 29834–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.47.29834. PMID9368056.
↑Jeyakumar M, Tanen MR, Bagchi MK (1997). "Analysis of the functional role of steroid receptor coactivator-1 in ligand-induced transactivation by thyroid hormone receptor". Mol. Endocrinol. 11 (6): 755–67. doi:10.1210/mend.11.6.0003. PMID9171239.
↑Baudino TA, Kraichely DM, Jefcoat SC, Winchester SK, Partridge NC, MacDonald PN (1998). "Isolation and characterization of a novel coactivator protein, NCoA-62, involved in vitamin D-mediated transcription". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (26): 16434–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.26.16434. PMID9632709.
Further reading
Szanto A, Narkar V, Shen Q, Uray IP, Davies PJ, Nagy L (December 2004). "Retinoid X receptors: X-ploring their (patho)physiological functions". Cell Death Differ. 11 Suppl 2: S126–43. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401533. PMID15608692.
Heyman RA, Mangelsdorf DJ, Dyck JA, Stein RB, Eichele G, Evans RM, Thaller C (January 1992). "9-cis retinoic acid is a high affinity ligand for the retinoid X receptor". Cell. 68 (2): 397–406. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90479-V. PMID1310260.
Kliewer SA, Umesono K, Mangelsdorf DJ, Evans RM (January 1992). "Retinoid X receptor interacts with nuclear receptors in retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D3 signalling". Nature. 355 (6359): 446–9. Bibcode:1992Natur.355..446K. doi:10.1038/355446a0. PMID1310351.
Berrodin TJ, Marks MS, Ozato K, Linney E, Lazar MA (September 1992). "Heterodimerization among thyroid hormone receptor, retinoic acid receptor, retinoid X receptor, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor, and an endogenous liver protein". Mol. Endocrinol. 6 (9): 1468–78. doi:10.1210/me.6.9.1468. PMID1331778.
Mangelsdorf DJ, Umesono K, Kliewer SA, Borgmeyer U, Ong ES, Evans RM (August 1991). "A direct repeat in the cellular retinol-binding protein type II gene confers differential regulation by RXR and RAR". Cell. 66 (3): 555–61. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90018-0. PMID1651173.
Perlmann T, Jansson L (April 1995). "A novel pathway for vitamin A signaling mediated by RXR heterodimerization with NGFI-B and NURR1". Genes Dev. 9 (7): 769–82. doi:10.1101/gad.9.7.769. PMID7705655.
Forman BM, Umesono K, Chen J, Evans RM (1995). "Unique response pathways are established by allosteric interactions among nuclear hormone receptors". Cell. 81 (4): 541–50. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90075-6. PMID7758108.
Seol W, Choi HS, Moore DD (1995). "Isolation of proteins that interact specifically with the retinoid X receptor: two novel orphan receptors". Mol. Endocrinol. 9 (1): 72–85. doi:10.1210/mend.9.1.7760852. PMID7760852.
Bourguet W, Ruff M, Chambon P, Gronemeyer H, Moras D (June 1995). "Crystal structure of the ligand-binding domain of the human nuclear receptor RXR-alpha". Nature. 375 (6530): 377–82. Bibcode:1995Natur.375..377B. doi:10.1038/375377a0. PMID7760929.
Lee JW, Choi HS, Gyuris J, Brent R, Moore DD (February 1995). "Two classes of proteins dependent on either the presence or absence of thyroid hormone for interaction with the thyroid hormone receptor". Mol. Endocrinol. 9 (2): 243–54. doi:10.1210/me.9.2.243. PMID7776974.
Lee JW, Ryan F, Swaffield JC, Johnston SA, Moore DD (March 1995). "Interaction of thyroid-hormone receptor with a conserved transcriptional mediator". Nature. 374 (6517): 91–4. Bibcode:1995Natur.374...91L. doi:10.1038/374091a0. PMID7870181.
Lee MS, Sem DS, Kliewer SA, Provencal J, Evans RM, Wright PE (September 1994). "NMR assignments and secondary structure of the retinoid X receptor alpha DNA-binding domain. Evidence for the novel C-terminal helix". Eur. J. Biochem. 224 (2): 639–50. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00639.x. PMID7925381.
1fm6: THE 2.1 ANGSTROM RESOLUTION CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HETERODIMER OF THE HUMAN RXRALPHA AND PPARGAMMA LIGAND BINDING DOMAINS RESPECTIVELY BOUND WITH 9-CIS RETINOIC ACID AND ROSIGLITAZONE AND CO-ACTIVATOR PEPTIDES.
1fm9: THE 2.1 ANGSTROM RESOLUTION CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HETERODIMER OF THE HUMAN RXRALPHA AND PPARGAMMA LIGAND BINDING DOMAINS RESPECTIVELY BOUND WITH 9-CIS RETINOIC ACID AND GI262570 AND CO-ACTIVATOR PEPTIDES.
1g5y: THE 2.0 ANGSTROM RESOLUTION CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE RXRALPHA LIGAND BINDING DOMAIN TETRAMER IN THE PRESENCE OF A NON-ACTIVATING RETINOIC ACID ISOMER.
1k74: The 2.3 Angstrom resolution crystal structure of the heterodimer of the human PPARgamma and RXRalpha ligand binding domains respectively bound with GW409544 and 9-cis retinoic acid and co-activator peptides.
1mzn: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE at 1.9 ANGSTROEMS RESOLUTION OF THE HOMODIMER OF HUMAN RXR ALPHA LIGAND BINDING DOMAIN BOUND TO THE SYNTHETIC AGONIST COMPOUND BMS 649 AND A COACTIVATOR PEPTIDE
1xdk: Crystal Structure of the RARbeta/RXRalpha Ligand Binding Domain Heterodimer in Complex with 9-cis Retinoic Acid and a Fragment of the TRAP220 Coactivator
